{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:01:33Z","timestamp":1790787693401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and Mahidol University","award":["NRCT5-RSA63015-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RSA63015-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76428-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T16:01:53Z","timestamp":1729958513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["First detection of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic Pasteurella aerogenes in sow vaginal discharge: a novel threat to swine health in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Krittika","family":"Keeratikunakorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kampon","family":"Kaeoket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puey","family":"Ounjai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhammika Leshan","family":"Wannigama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanittha","family":"Chatsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natharin","family":"Ngamwongsatit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"76428_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"51","author":"D Farnum","year":"1989","unstructured":"Farnum, D. & Riese, R. L. Urogenital infections in sows and gilts; differential diagnosis, diagnostic techniques and control. Iowa State Univ. Vet. 51, 1\u201315 (1989).","journal-title":"Iowa State Univ. Vet."},{"key":"76428_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)01342-J","volume":"37","author":"P de Winter","year":"1995","unstructured":"de Winter, P., Verdoncka, M., de Kruif, A., Devriese, L. & Haesebrouck, F. Bacterial endometritis and vaginal discharge in the sow: Prevalence of different bacterial species and experimental reproduction of the syndrome. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 37, 325\u2013335 (1995).","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"76428_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0929-1","volume":"19","author":"P Tummaruk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tummaruk, P., Kesdangsakonwut, S., Prapasarakul, N. & Kaeoket, K. Endometritis in gilts: Reproductive data, bacterial culture, histopathology, and infiltration of immune cells in the endometrium. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 19, 575\u2013584 (2010).","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"76428_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(92)90091-Q","volume":"28","author":"P de Winter","year":"1992","unstructured":"de Winter, P., Verdonck, M., de Kruif, A., Devriese, L. A. & Haesebrouck, F. Endometritis and vaginal discharge in the sow. Anim. Reprod Sci. 28, 51\u201358 (1992).","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod Sci."},{"key":"76428_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30709-X","volume":"8","author":"SA Dee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dee, S. A. Porcine urogenital disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 8, 641\u2013660 (1992).","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"76428_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175037","volume":"11","author":"A Alifragki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alifragki, A., Kontogianni, A., Protopapa, I., Baliou, S. & Ioannou, P. Infective endocarditis by Pasteurella Species: A systematic review. J. Clin. Med. 11, 5037 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"76428_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.6-12.2000","volume":"68","author":"P Kuhnert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kuhnert, P., Heyberger-Meyer, B., Nicolet, J. & Frey, J. Characterization of PaxA and its operon: A cohemolytic RTX toxin determinant from pathogenic Pasteurella aerogenes. Infect. Immun. 68, 6\u201312 (2000).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"76428_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-022-00259-w","volume":"8","author":"AL Bosman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bosman, A. L. et al. Antimicrobial use in lactating sows, piglets, nursery, and grower-finisher pigs on swine farms in Ontario, Canada during 2017 and 2018. Porc. Health. Manag. 8, 17 (2022).","journal-title":"Porc. Health. Manag."},{"key":"76428_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.07.016","volume":"85","author":"M Schulze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schulze, M., Dathe, M., Waberski, D. & Muller, K. Liquid storage of boar semen: Current and future perspectives on the use of cationic antimicrobial peptides to replace antibiotics in semen extenders. Theriogenology 85, 39\u201346 (2016).","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"76428_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12921","volume":"52","author":"M Schulze","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schulze, M. et al. Dose rates of antimicrobial substances in boar semen preservation-time to establish new protocols. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 52, 397\u2013402 (2017).","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"76428_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.18006\/2017.5(5).578.588","volume":"5","author":"AS Vickram","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vickram, A. S. et al. Antimicrobial peptides in semen extenders: A valuable replacement option for antibiotics in cryopreservation\u2014A prospective review. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci. 5, 578\u2013588 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"76428_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"JM Morrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morrell, J. M. Antimicrobials in boar semen extenders\u2014A risk\/benefit analysis. J Antimicro. 2, 1\u20132 (2016).","journal-title":"J Antimicro."},{"key":"76428_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017","author":"GB Michael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael, G. B., Boss\u00e9, J. T. & Schwarz, S. Antimicrobial resistance in\u00a0Pasteurellaceae\u00a0of veterinary origin. Microbiol. Spectr.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017 (2018).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"76428_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1735-1746","volume":"12","author":"MH Gharaibeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gharaibeh, M. H. & Shatnawi, S. Q. An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review. Vet. World. 12, 1735\u20131746 (2019).","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"76428_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00350-6","volume":"19","author":"DL Wannigama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wannigama, D. L. et al. A rapid and simple method for routine determination of antibiotic sensitivity to biofilm populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 19, 8 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"76428_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93529-6","volume":"11","author":"S Luk-in","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luk-in, S. et al. Occurrence of mcr-mediated colistin resistance in Salmonella clinical isolates in Thailand. Sci. Rep. 11, 14170 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"76428_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.806849","volume":"8","author":"AMS Shein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shein, A. M. S. et al. Will there ever be cure for chronic, life-changing colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in urinary tract infection?. Front. Med. 8, 806849 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"76428_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17083-5","volume":"12","author":"AMS Shein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shein, A. M. S. et al. High prevalence of mgrB-mediated colistin resistance among carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with biofilm formation, and can be overcome by colistin-EDTA combination therapy. Sci. Rep. 12, 12939 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"76428_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15386-1","volume":"12","author":"S Srisakul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srisakul, S. et al. Overcoming addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A mediated colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates with colistin\u2013sulbactam combination therapy. Sci. Rep. 12, 11390 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"76428_CR20","first-page":"370","volume":"10","author":"F Akrami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akrami, F., Rajabnia, M. & Pournajaf, A. Resistance integrons; A Mini review. Caspian. J. Intern. Med. 10, 370\u2013376 (2019).","journal-title":"Caspian. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"76428_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010177","volume":"18","author":"M Baltazar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baltazar, M. et al. Activation of class 1 integron integrase is promoted in the intestinal environment. PLoS genetics. 18, e1010177 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS genetics."},{"key":"76428_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.05.004","volume":"15","author":"Y Boucher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boucher, Y., Labbate, M., Koenig, J. E. & Stokes, H. W. Integrons: Mobilizable platforms that promote genetic diversity in bacteria. Trends in microbiology. 15, 301\u2013309 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends in microbiology."},{"key":"76428_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716656024","volume":"28","author":"C Salogni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salogni, C. et al. Infectious agents identified in aborted swine fetuses in a high-density breeding area: A three-year study. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 28, 550\u2013554 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"76428_CR24","first-page":"13","volume":"39","author":"L Fodor","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fodor, L., Hajt\u00f3s, I. & Gl\u00e1vits, R. Abortion of a sow caused by Pasteurella aerogenes. Acta Vet. Hung. 39, 13\u201319 (1991).","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"76428_CR25","first-page":"214","volume":"133","author":"S Levent","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levent, S. et al. Two cases of P.  aerogenes induced swine abortion: Pathological, immunohistochemical, bacteriological and molecular biological examinations. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja. 133, 214\u2013219 (2011).","journal-title":"Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja."},{"key":"76428_CR26","first-page":"444","volume":"28","author":"JE Thigpen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Thigpen, J. E., Clements, M. E. & Gupta, B. N. Isolation of P.  aerogenes from the uterus of a rabbit following abortion. Lab. Anim. Sci. 28, 444\u2013447 (1978).","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"76428_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2485-2488.2005","volume":"43","author":"DM Citron","year":"2005","unstructured":"Citron, D. M. et al. Broth microdilution and disk diffusion tests for susceptibility testing of Pasteurella species isolated from human clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 2485\u20132488 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"76428_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01794-12","volume":"56","author":"EJC Goldstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldstein, E. J. C., Citron, D. M., Merriam, C. V. & Tyrrell, K. L. Ceftaroline versus isolates from animal bite wounds: Comparative in vitro activities against 243 isolates, including 156 Pasteurella species isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56, 6319\u20136323 (2012).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"76428_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005767","volume":"13","author":"GL Cromwell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cromwell, G. L. Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production. Anim. Biotechnol. 13, 7\u201327 (2002).","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"76428_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001918","volume":"5","author":"A Lekagul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lekagul, A., Tangcharoensathien, V., Mills, A., Rushton, J. & Yeung, S. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: A mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand. BMJ Glob. Health. 5, e001918 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health."},{"key":"76428_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-022-00259-w","volume":"8","author":"AL Bosman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bosman, A. L. et al. Antimicrobial use in lactating sows, piglets, nursery, and grower-finisher pigs on swine farms in Ontario, Canada during 2017 and 2018. Porc. Health Manag. 8, 1\u201320 (2022).","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"76428_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107215","volume":"26","author":"DL Wannigama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wannigama, D. L. et al. Ca-EDTA restores the activity of ceftazidime-avibactam or aztreonam against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella  pneumoniae infections. iScience 26, 107215 (2023).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"76428_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1076315","volume":"13","author":"C Ewers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ewers, C. et al. Occurrence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 colistin resistance genes in porcine Escherichia coli isolates (2010\u20132020) and genomic characterization of mcr-2-positive E. coli. Front. Microbiol. 13, 1\u201317 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"76428_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"G Valiakos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valiakos, G. & Kapna, I. Colistin resistant mcr genes prevalence in livestock animals (swine, bovine, poultry) from a multinational perspective. A systematic review. Vet. Sci. 8, 1\u201332 (2021).","journal-title":"A systematic review. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"76428_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106662","volume":"60","author":"T Phuadraksa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phuadraksa, T., Wichit, S., Arikit, S., Songtawee, N. & Yainoy, S. Co-occurrence of mcr-2 and mcr-3 genes on chromosome of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from healthy individuals in Thailand. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 60, 106662 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"76428_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.022","volume":"52","author":"V Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, V. et al. Co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-4 and mcr-5 genes in multidrug-resistant ST10 Enterotoxigenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Spain (2006\u20132017). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 52, 104\u2013108 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"76428_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/489569","volume":"2014","author":"E de Latorre","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Latorre, E. et al. Detection of integrase gene in E. coli isolated from pigs at different stages of production system. Int. J. Microbiol. 2014, 1\u20137 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"76428_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33062-w","volume":"13","author":"K Keeratikunakorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keeratikunakorn, K., Kaewchomphunuch, T., Kaeoket, K. & Ngamwongsatit, N. Antimicrobial activity of cell free supernatants from probiotics inhibits against pathogenic bacteria isolated from fresh boar semen. Sci. Rep. 13, 5995 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"76428_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106421.149","volume":"58","author":"A Aryukarn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aryukarn, A., Wannigama, D. L., Ounjai, P. & Chatsuwan, T. Panagrellus redivivus as a model for the study of gram-negative bacteria pathogenesis and antibiotics efficacy. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 58, 68 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"76428_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.046","volume":"205","author":"RT Laws","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laws, R. T. et al. The nematode Panagrellus redivivus is susceptible to killing by human pathogens at 37\u00b0C. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 205, 77\u201383 (2005).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"76428_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1976.tb00681.x","volume":"23","author":"J Hommez","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hommez, J. & Devriese, L. A. P. Aerogenes isolations from swine. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 23, 265\u2013268 (1976).","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B."},{"key":"76428_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13192-3","volume":"12","author":"LTY Nguyet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyet, L. T. Y., Keeratikunakorn, K., Kaeoket, K. & Ngamwongsatit, N. Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from diarrheic piglets from pig farms in Thailand that harbor colistin-resistant mcr genes. Sci. Rep. 12, 9083 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"76428_CR43","first-page":"3022","volume":"38","author":"K Tauma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tauma, K., Stecher, G. & Kuma, S. MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysisversion11. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 3022\u20133027 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"76428_CR44","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 31 ed. (2021)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76428-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76428-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76428-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T17:04:15Z","timestamp":1729962255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76428-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76428-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. The research ethics was approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University-Institute Animal Care and Use Committee FVS-MU-IACUC-Protocol No. MUVS-2021-10-41, Animal use license No. U1-01281-2558 and FVS-MU-IACUC-Protocol No. MUVS-2021-10-38, Animal use license No. U1-01321-2558.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics declarations"}}],"article-number":"25510"}}