{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:33:46Z","timestamp":1785886426674,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Startup Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University","award":["2023QH2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QH2030"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["number 82370351 and 82170355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["number 82370351 and 82170355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology, Fujian province","award":["2019Y9124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019Y9124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76828-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1730170951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Causal role of immune cells in muscle atrophy: mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huibin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangdi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"76828_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Sayer, A. A. & Sarcopenia.\u00a0Lancet 393\u00a0(10191), 2636\u20132646 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9"},{"key":"76828_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troutman, A. D. et al. Skeletal muscle atrophy in clinical and preclinical models of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle 15(1), 21\u201335\u00a0(2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13400"},{"issue":"1","key":"76828_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20123-1","volume":"12","author":"R Sartori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sartori, R., Romanello, V. & Sandri, M. Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease. Nat. Commun. 12 (1), 330 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"76828_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105807","volume":"172","author":"L Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, L. et al. Skeletal muscle atrophy: from mechanisms to treatments. Pharmacol. Res. 172, 105807 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"76828_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.034","volume":"49","author":"C Nelke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nelke, C., Dziewas, R., Minnerup, J., Meuth, S. G. & Ruck, T. Skeletal muscle as potential central link between Sarcopenia and immune senescence. EBioMedicine. 49, 381\u2013388 (2019).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"76828_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antuna, E. et al. Inflammaging: implications in Sarcopenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(23),\u00a015039\u00a0(2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315039"},{"issue":"3","key":"76828_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12417","volume":"10","author":"CW Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, C. W. et al. Circulating factors associated with sarcopenia during ageing and after intensive lifestyle intervention. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 10 (3), 586\u2013600 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"22","key":"76828_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13471","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205254","volume":"15","author":"KV Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang, K. V. et al. Enhanced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and \u2013\u20096 in Sarcopenia: alleviation through exercise and nutrition intervention. Aging (Albany NY). 15 (22), 13471\u201313485 (2023).","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"76828_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112196","volume":"178","author":"J Dupont","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dupont, J. et al. Are inflammatory markers associated with sarcopenia-related traits in older adults with Sarcopenia? - a cross-sectional analysis of the ENHANce study. Exp. Gerontol. 178, 112196 (2023).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"76828_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.006","volume":"96","author":"G Bano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bano, G. et al. Inflammation and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 96, 10\u201315 (2017).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"R1","key":"76828_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith, G. & Hemani, G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23 (R1), R89\u201398 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"76828_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, R. C. & Davey Smith, G. Mendelian randomization: concepts and scope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Med. 12(1),\u00a0a040501 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040501"},{"issue":"8","key":"76828_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2331558","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31558","volume":"6","author":"T Sha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sha, T. et al. Genetic variants, serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels, and Sarcopenia: a mendelian randomization analysis. JAMA Netw. Open. 6 (8), e2331558 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"76828_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109800","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1109800","volume":"14","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. A bi-directional mendelian randomization study of Sarcopenia-related traits and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 14, 1109800 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"76828_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu176","volume":"44","author":"S Burgess","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Daniel, R. M., Butterworth, A. S., Thompson, S. G. & Consortium, E. P. I. Network mendelian randomization: using genetic variants as instrumental variables to investigate mediation in causal pathways. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44 (2), 484\u2013495 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"76828_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0684-4","volume":"52","author":"V Orru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orru, V. et al. Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat. Genet. 52 (10), 1036\u20131045 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"11","key":"76828_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3368","volume":"47","author":"C Sidore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sidore, C. et al. Genome sequencing elucidates sardinian genetic architecture and augments association analyses for lipid and blood inflammatory markers. Nat. Genet. 47 (11), 1272\u20131281 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"76828_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01334-0","volume":"3","author":"YF Pei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pei, Y. F. et al. The genetic architecture of appendicular lean mass characterized by association analysis in the UK Biobank study. Commun. Biol. 3 (1), 608 (2020).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"76828_CR19","unstructured":"Elsworth, B., Mitchell, R., Raistrick, C. A., Paternoster, L. & Hemani, G. TR. G. MRC IEU UK Biobank GWAS pipeline version 1. (2017)."},{"issue":"7571","key":"76828_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","volume":"526","author":"C Genomes Project","year":"2015","unstructured":"Genomes Project, C. et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature. 526 (7571), 68\u201374 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"76828_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211","volume":"47","author":"BK Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. K. et al. LD score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 47 (3), 291\u2013295 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"11","key":"76828_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","volume":"36","author":"J Bowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data mendelian randomization. Stat. Med. 36 (11), 1783\u20131802 (2017).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"76828_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","volume":"46","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G. & Bowden, J. Robust inference in summary data mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46 (6), 1985\u20131998 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"76828_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003394","volume":"17","author":"JS Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng, J. S. et al. The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolites and type 2 diabetes in European populations: a meta-analysis and mendelian randomisation analysis. PLoS Med. 17 (10), e1003394 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"76828_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17341","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202217341","volume":"15","author":"MKY Chung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chung, M. K. Y. et al. Functions of double-negative B cells in autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancers. EMBO Mol. Med. 15 (9), e17341 (2023).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"76828_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1173","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00735.2009","volume":"298","author":"JG Tidball","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tidball, J. G. & Villalta, S. A. Regulatory interactions between muscle and the immune system during muscle regeneration. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298 (5), R1173\u2013R1187 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"76828_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01502-8","volume":"8","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 8 (1), 239 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"76828_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalabrin, M., Adams, V., Labeit, S. & Bowen, T. S. Emerging strategies targeting Catabolic muscle stress relief. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(13), 4681 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134681"},{"issue":"1","key":"76828_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04152-1","volume":"23","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Identification of a novel immune-related transcriptional regulatory network in Sarcopenia. BMC Geriatr. 23 (1), 463 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"76828_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.03.006","volume":"27","author":"J Saini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saini, J., McPhee, J. S., Al-Dabbagh, S., Stewart, C. E. & Al-Shanti, N. Regenerative function of immune system: modulation of muscle stem cells. Ageing Res. Rev. 27, 67\u201376 (2016).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"76828_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.01.009","volume":"44","author":"W Kuswanto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuswanto, W. et al. Poor Repair of Skeletal Muscle in aging mice reflects a defect in local, Interleukin-33-Dependent Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells. Immunity. 44 (2), 355\u2013367 (2016).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"76828_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000831","volume":"33","author":"C Franco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franco, C., Gatto, M., Iaccarino, L., Ghirardello, A. & Doria, A. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping in inflammatory myositis: a review. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 33 (6), 522\u2013528 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"76828_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573347","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.573347","volume":"11","author":"AC Bonomo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonomo, A. C. et al. Crosstalk between innate and T cell adaptive immunity with(in) the muscle. Front. Physiol. 11, 573347 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"76828_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B. et al. CD8(+)CD57(+) T cells exhibit distinct features in human non-small cell lung cancer. J. Immunother. Cancer 8(1),\u00a0e000639\u00a0(2020).","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000639"},{"key":"76828_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114467","volume":"161","author":"SK Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng, S. K. et al. The protective effect of cannabinoids against colorectal cancer cachexia through modulation of inflammation and immune responses. Biomed. Pharmacother. 161, 114467 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"76828_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03607-5","volume":"22","author":"S Burgess","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Woolf, B., Mason, A. M., Ala-Korpela, M. & Gill, D. Addressing the credibility crisis in mendelian randomization. BMC Med. 22 (1), 374 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"76828_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millozzi, F., Papait, A., Bouche, M., Parolini, O. & Palacios, D. Nano-Immunomodulation: a new strategy for skeletal muscle diseases and Aging? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24(2),\u00a01175 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021175"},{"issue":"1","key":"76828_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.267","volume":"17","author":"DM Schwartz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwartz, D. M. et al. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 17 (1), 78 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov"},{"issue":"7624","key":"76828_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/538161a","volume":"538","author":"AB Popejoy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Popejoy, A. B. & Fullerton, S. M. Genomics is failing on diversity. Nature. 538 (7624), 161\u2013164 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76828-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76828-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76828-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1730444799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76828-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76828-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors read the final version and approved it.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25878"}}