{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:50:03Z","timestamp":1782215403937,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020771","name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82201383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76949-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T18:40:58Z","timestamp":1731955258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["BCL3, GBP1, IFI16, and CCR1 as potential brain-derived biomarkers for parietal grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaocheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"76949_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03116","volume":"9","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lassmann, H. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis. Front. Immunol. 9, 3116 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"10130","key":"76949_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30481-1","volume":"391","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson, A. J. et al. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 391(10130), 1622\u20131636 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"76949_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walton, C. et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult. Scler. 26(14), 1816\u20131821 (2020).","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841"},{"issue":"8","key":"76949_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012323","volume":"97","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cree, B. A. C. et al. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: New insights. Neurology 97(8), 378\u2013388 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"76949_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","volume":"8","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lassmann, H., van Horssen, J. & Mahad, D. Progressive multiple sclerosis: Pathology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8(11), 647\u2013656 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"76949_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514521517","volume":"20","author":"I Katz Sand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katz Sand, I. et al. Diagnostic uncertainty during the transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 20(12), 1654\u20131657 (2014).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"76949_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww173","volume":"139","author":"J Lorscheider","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lorscheider, J. et al. Defining secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 139(Pt 9), 2395\u20132405 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"76949_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000700","volume":"32","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cree, B. A. C., Mares, J. & Hartung, H. P. Current therapeutic landscape in multiple sclerosis: An evolving treatment paradigm. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 32(3), 365\u2013377 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"76949_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25463","volume":"85","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cree, B. A. C. et al. Silent progression in disease activity-free relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 85(5), 653\u2013666 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"76949_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, T. et al. NCBI GEO: Archive for functional genomics data sets\u2014update. Nucleic Acids Res. 41(Database issue), D991\u2013D995 (2013).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1193"},{"issue":"2","key":"76949_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e656","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000656","volume":"7","author":"LS Enz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enz, L. S. et al. Increased HLA-DR expression and cortical demyelination in MS links with HLA-DR15. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 7(2), e656\u2013e656 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"11","key":"76949_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.010","volume":"16","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. TBtools-II: A \u201cOne for All, All for One\u201d bioinformatics platform for biological big-data mining. Mol. Plant 16(11), 1733\u20131742 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559","volume":"9","author":"P Langfelder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Langfelder, P. & Horvath, S. WGCNA: An R package for weighted correlation network analysis. BMC Bioinform. 9(1), 559\u2013559 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-35","volume":"12","author":"H Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, H. & Boutros, P. C. VennDiagram: A package for the generation of highly-customizable Venn and Euler diagrams in R. BMC Bioinform. 12(1), 35\u201335 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29","volume":"27","author":"H Ogata","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ogata, H. et al. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 27(1), 29\u201334 (1999).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"76949_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3715","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms. Protein Sci. 28(11), 1947\u20131951 (2019).","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"issue":"D1","key":"76949_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D587","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac963","volume":"51","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. et al. KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 51(D1), D587-d592 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","volume":"25","author":"M Ashburner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashburner, M. et al. Gene ontology: Tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nat. Genet. 25(1), 25\u201329 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"76949_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, G. et al. clusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. Omics (Larchmont, N.Y.) 16(5), 284\u2013287 (2012).","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118"},{"issue":"11","key":"76949_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon, P. et al. Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13(11), 2498\u20132504 (2003).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"76949_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, C. H. et al. cytoHubba: Identifying hub objects and sub-networks from complex interactome. BMC Syst. Biol., 8(Suppl 4), S11 (2014).","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-8-S4-S11"},{"issue":"6","key":"76949_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2018.12.007","volume":"111","author":"H Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi, H. et al. Predicting drug-target interactions using Lasso with random forest based on evolutionary information and chemical structure. Genomics 111(6), 1839\u20131852 (2019).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"76949_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126647","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126647","volume":"14","author":"F Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, F. et al. Identification of immune-related genes in diagnosing atherosclerosis with rheumatoid arthritis through bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Front. Immunol. 14, 1126647 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbq011","volume":"12","author":"ML Calle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calle, M. L. & Urrea, V. Letter to the editor: Stability of random forest importance measures. Brief. Bioinform. 12(1), 86\u201389 (2010).","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"76949_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056750","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1056750","volume":"13","author":"J Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan, J. et al. Analysis of signature genes and association with immune cells infiltration in pediatric septic shock. Front. Immunol. 13, 1056750 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1349-1","volume":"18","author":"D Aran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aran, D., Hu, Z. & Butte, A. J. xCell: Digitally portraying the tissue cellular heterogeneity landscape. Genome Biol. 18(1), 220\u2013220 (2017).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200064","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200064","volume":"10","author":"T Ziemssen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziemssen, T. et al. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A review of clinical characteristics, definition, prognostic tools, and disease-modifying therapies. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 10(1), e200064 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"76949_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00581-x","volume":"18","author":"HYF Yong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yong, H. Y. F. & Yong, V. W. Mechanism-based criteria to improve therapeutic outcomes in progressive multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 18(1), 40\u201355 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"76949_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.12.005","volume":"278","author":"L Pasquali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasquali, L. et al. A clinical and laboratory study evaluating the profile of cytokine levels in relapsing remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 278, 53\u201359 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"76949_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128952","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128952","volume":"10","author":"M Tejera-Alhambra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tejera-Alhambra, M. et al. Plasma biomarkers discriminate clinical forms of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 10(6), e0128952 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"76949_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510389102","volume":"17","author":"M Khademi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khademi, M. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 in multiple sclerosis: A suggestive prognostic marker for the disease course. Mult. Scler. 17(3), 335\u2013343 (2011).","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"10","key":"76949_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09964-4","volume":"268","author":"G Ferrazzano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrazzano, G. et al. Early diagnosis of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Focus on fluid and neurophysiological biomarkers. J. Neurol. 268(10), 3626\u20133645 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"76949_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0035-2","volume":"18","author":"S Faissner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faissner, S. et al. Progressive multiple sclerosis: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 18(12), 905\u2013922 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"3","key":"76949_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)01753-9","volume":"26","author":"ML Schmitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmitz, M. L., Bacher, S. & Kracht, M. I kappa B-independent control of NF-kappa B activity by modulatory phosphorylations. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26(3), 186\u2013190 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"76949_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb05947.x","volume":"975","author":"TC Mitchell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mitchell, T. C. et al. A short domain within Bcl-3 is responsible for its lymphocyte survival activity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 975, 132\u2013147 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"76949_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100926","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018100926","volume":"38","author":"D Fisch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fisch, D. et al. Human GBP1 is a microbe-specific gatekeeper of macrophage apoptosis and pyroptosis. Embo J. 38(13), e100926 (2019).","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"76949_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisch, D. et al. PIM1 controls GBP1 activity to limit self-damage and to guard against pathogen infection. Science 382(6666), eadg2253 (2023).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg2253"},{"issue":"5","key":"76949_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.069","volume":"29","author":"D Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. STING-mediated IFI16 degradation negatively controls type I interferon production. Cell Rep. (Cambridge) 29(5), 1249-1260.e4 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. (Cambridge)"},{"issue":"3","key":"76949_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.11.003","volume":"26","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bar-Or, A. et al. Epstein-barr virus in multiple sclerosis: Theory and emerging immunotherapies. Trends Mol. Med. 26(3), 296\u2013310 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"76949_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1932","volume":"11","author":"L Unterholzner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Unterholzner, L. et al. IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nat. Immunol. 11(11), 997\u20131004 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"15","key":"76949_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7247","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00122A","volume":"14","author":"W Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, W. et al. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct. 14(15), 7247\u20137269 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"76949_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.02.017","volume":"144","author":"HA Al-Mazroua","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Mazroua, H. A. et al. CCR1 antagonist ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of Th9\/Th22-related markers in the brain and periphery. Mol. Immunol. 144, 127\u2013137 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"76949_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152245","volume":"227","author":"MA Ansari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ansari, M. A. et al. CCR1 antagonist J-113863 corrects the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a SJL\/J mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Immunobiology 227(5), 152245 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76949-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76949-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76949-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T19:05:00Z","timestamp":1731956700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76949-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76949-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28543"}}