{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:02:37Z","timestamp":1790949757256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79100-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T02:51:29Z","timestamp":1731984689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association of depression with severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from the UK Biobank study and Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dailan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"79100_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(21)00020-0","volume":"6","author":"G Targher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Targher, G., Tilg, H. & Byrne, C. D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 578\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-1253(21)00020-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32511-3","volume":"397","author":"EE Powell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Powell, E. E., Wong, V. W. & Rinella, M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet 397, 2212\u20132224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32511-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"79100_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Depression. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression (2023)."},{"key":"79100_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70139-6","volume":"2","author":"AG Tab\u00e1k","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tab\u00e1k, A. G., Akbaraly, T. N., Batty, G. D. & Kivim\u00e4ki, M. Depression and type 2 diabetes: A causal association? Lancet Diabets Endocrionol. 2, 236\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70139-6 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabets Endocrionol."},{"key":"79100_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835080b7","volume":"30","author":"L Meng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meng, L., Chen, D., Yang, Y., Zheng, Y. & Hui, R. Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J. Hypertens. 30, 842\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835080b7 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"79100_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112802","volume":"285","author":"M Shao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shao, M. et al. Depression and cardiovascular disease: Shared molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Psychiatry Res. 285, 112802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112802 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"79100_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.073","volume":"278","author":"JW Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J. W. & Park, S. H. Association between depression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Contributions of insulin resistance and inflammation. J. Affect. Disord. 278, 259\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.073 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"79100_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1017\/s204579602000116x","volume":"30","author":"IY Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho, I. Y. et al. Depression and increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with obesity. Epidemiol. Psychiatric Sci. 30, e23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s204579602000116x (2021).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatric Sci."},{"key":"79100_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15395","volume":"50","author":"D Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, D. et al. Depression is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 50, 590\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15395 (2019).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"79100_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamari, N. et al. Fatty liver index relationship with biomarkers and lifestyle: Result from RaNCD cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-023-02785-5 (2023).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02785-5"},{"key":"79100_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.09.005","volume":"54","author":"K Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, K., Otgonsuren, M., Younoszai, Z., Mir, H. M. & Younossi, Z. M. Association of chronic liver disease with depression: A population-based study. Psychosomatics 54, 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psym.2012.09.005 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"79100_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000221276.17823.df","volume":"68","author":"JE Elwing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elwing, J. E., Lustman, P. J., Wang, H. L. & Clouse, R. E. Depression, anxiety, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Psychosom. Med. 68, 563\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.psy.0000221276.17823.df (2006).","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"79100_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12165","volume":"33","author":"NA Youssef","year":"2013","unstructured":"Youssef, N. A. et al. Associations of depression, anxiety and antidepressants with histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 33, 1062\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.12165 (2013).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"79100_CR14","first-page":"273","volume":"49","author":"T Surdea-Blaga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Surdea-Blaga, T. & Dumitra\u015fcu, D. L. Depression and anxiety in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Is there any association? Romanian J. Intern. Med. = Revue Roumaine de Med. Interne. 49, 273\u2013280 (2011).","journal-title":"Romanian J. Intern. Med. = Revue Roumaine de Med. Interne"},{"key":"79100_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","volume":"362","author":"NM Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V. & Davey Smith, G. Reading mendelian randomisation studies: A guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ (Clinical Res. ed.) 362, k601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k601 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res. ed.)"},{"key":"79100_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2016010098","volume":"27","author":"P Sekula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sekula, P., Del Greco, M. F., Pattaro, C. & K\u00f6ttgen, A. Mendelian randomization as an approach to assess causality using observational data. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN 27, 3253\u20133265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2016010098 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"79100_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.033","volume":"316","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wu, P. & Lin, Y. Genetic correlation, yet no causal association exists between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and depression. J. Affect. Disord. 316, 243\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.033 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"79100_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, D., Zhang, Y., Huang, T. & Jia, J. Depression and risk of gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive two-sample mendelian randomization study of European ancestry. Psychol. Med. 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291723000867 (2023).","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723000867"},{"key":"79100_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691696","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.691696","volume":"8","author":"J Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao, J. et al. Is fatty liver associated with depression? A Meta-analysis and systematic review on the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of depression and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front. Med. 8, 691696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.691696 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"79100_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow, C. et al. UK biobank: An open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 12, e1001779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"79100_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31726","volume":"74","author":"H Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hagstr\u00f6m, H. et al. Administrative coding in electronic health care record-based research of NAFLD: An expert panel consensus statement. Hepatol. (Baltimore Md) 74, 474\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31726 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatol. (Baltimore Md)"},{"key":"79100_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.010","volume":"76","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha, F. et al. Associations of muscle mass and grip strength with severe NAFLD: A prospective study of 333,295 UK Biobank participants. J. Hepatol. 76, 1021\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.010 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00494-6","volume":"34","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2019","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J. Principles of confounder selection. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 34, 211\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-019-00494-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79100_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.015","volume":"68","author":"S Zelber-Sagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zelber-Sagi, S. et al. High red and processed meat consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. J. Hepatol. 68, 1239\u20131246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.015 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nucci, D., Fatigoni, C., Amerio, A., Odone, A. & Gianfredi, V. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of depression: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186686 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186686"},{"key":"79100_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01425-4","volume":"11","author":"D Mongan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mongan, D. et al. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in a general population cohort. Translational Psychiatry. 11, 321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01425-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"79100_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876909","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.876909","volume":"9","author":"LJ Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan, L. J. & Shin, S. Effects of oily fish and its fatty acid intake on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development among South Korean adults. Front. Nutr. 9, 876909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.876909 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"79100_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14973","volume":"41","author":"AA Shaheen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaheen, A. A., Kaplan, G. G., Sharkey, K. A., Lethebe, B. C. & Swain, M. G. Impact of major depression and antidepressant use on alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A population-based study. Liver Int. 41, 2308\u20132317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.14973 (2021).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"79100_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560902988510","volume":"10","author":"CU Pae","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pae, C. U. et al. Pharmacological treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: Focusing on the role of antidepressants. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 10, 1561\u20131570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14656560902988510 (2009).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"79100_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e576","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(18)30200-7","volume":"3","author":"HME Foster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foster, H. M. E. et al. The effect of socioeconomic deprivation on the association between an extended measurement of unhealthy lifestyle factors and health outcomes: A prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort. Lancet Public. Health 3, e576\u2013e585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-2667(18)30200-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Public. Health"},{"key":"79100_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.157784","volume":"208","author":"DJ Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin, D. J. et al. Cardiometabolic disease and features of depression and bipolar disorder: Population-based, cross-sectional study. Br. J. Psychiatry J. Mental Sci. 208, 343\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.157784 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Mental Sci."},{"key":"79100_CR32","unstructured":"WHO. Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation (World Health Organization, 2011)."},{"key":"79100_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"KG Alberti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alberti, K. G. et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120, 1640\u20131645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.109.192644 (2009).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"79100_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard, D. M. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 343\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"79100_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075362","volume":"8","author":"DJ Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, D. J. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of probable major depression and bipolar disorder within UK biobank: Cross-sectional study of 172,751 participants. PloS One. 8, e75362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0075362 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"79100_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.009","volume":"299","author":"M Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, M. et al. Fine particulate matter, vitamin D, physical activity, and major depressive disorder in elderly adults: Results from UK Biobank. J. Affect. Disord. 299, 233\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.009 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"79100_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024433","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024433","volume":"9","author":"N Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham, N. et al. Impact of major depression on cardiovascular outcomes for individuals with hypertension: Prospective survival analysis in UK Biobank. BMJ Open 9, e024433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024433 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"79100_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542-5196(18)30051-2","volume":"2","author":"C Sarkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarkar, C., Webster, C. & Gallacher, J. Residential greenness and prevalence of major depressive disorders: A cross-sectional, observational, associational study of 94\u2008879 adult UK Biobank participants. Lancet Planet. Health. 2, e162\u2013e173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2542-5196(18)30051-2 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"79100_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cebrino, J. & de la Portero, S. Diet quality and sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related determinants among people with depression in Spain: New evidence from a cross-sectional population-based study (2011\u20132017). Nutrients 13 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010106 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010106"},{"key":"79100_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.12.008","volume":"21","author":"M Mannan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mannan, M., Mamun, A., Doi, S. & Clavarino, A. Is there a bi-directional relationship between depression and obesity among adult men and women? Systematic review and bias-adjusted meta analysis. Asian J. Psychiatry. 21, 51\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.12.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"79100_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2055","volume":"35","author":"A Pan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pan, A. et al. Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Diabetes care. 35, 1171\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-2055 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"key":"79100_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003","DOI":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000003","volume":"7","author":"J Blomdahl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blomdahl, J., Nasr, P., Ekstedt, M. & Kechagias, S. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with significant fibrosis progression in NAFLD. Hepatol. Commun. 7, e0003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000003 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"79100_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0283-5","volume":"114","author":"HS Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung, H. S. et al. Smoking and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 114, 453\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41395-018-0283-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"79100_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32207","volume":"75","author":"E Vilar-Gomez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vilar-Gomez, E. et al. High-quality diet, physical activity, and college education are associated with low risk of NAFLD among the US population. Hepatol. (Baltimore Md) 75, 1491\u20131506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32207 (2022).","journal-title":"Hepatol. (Baltimore Md)"},{"key":"79100_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12407","volume":"17","author":"L Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Obesity is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence from a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Obes. Reviews: Official J. Int. Association Study Obes. 17, 510\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12407 (2016).","journal-title":"Obes. Reviews: Official J. Int. Association Study Obes."},{"key":"79100_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.02958.x","volume":"18","author":"F Angelico","year":"2003","unstructured":"Angelico, F. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver syndrome: A hepatic consequence of common metabolic diseases. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 588\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.02958.x (2003).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002753","volume":"137","author":"M Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, M. et al. Hypertension and NAFLD risk: Insights from the NHANES 2017\u20132018 and mendelian randomization analyses. Chin. Med. J. 137, 457\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002753 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"79100_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70032-4","volume":"2","author":"H Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen, H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Lancet Diabets Endocrionol. 2, 901\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70032-4 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabets Endocrionol."},{"key":"79100_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Butterworth, A. & Thompson, S. G. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet. Epidemiol. 37, 658\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.21758 (2013).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79100_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034","volume":"46","author":"OO Yavorska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yavorska, O. O. & Burgess, S. Mendelian Randomization: An R package for performing mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46, 1734\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyx034 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79100_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hemani, G. et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.34408 (2018).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408"},{"key":"79100_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k3788","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3788","volume":"362","author":"RE Wootton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wootton, R. E. et al. Evaluation of the causal effects between subjective wellbeing and cardiometabolic health: Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ (Clinical Res. ed.). 362, k3788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k3788 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res. ed.)"},{"key":"79100_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00134","volume":"10","author":"X Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, X., Liu, X. & Yu, Y. Depression and Chronic Liver diseases: Are there Shared underlying mechanisms? Front. Mol. Neurosci. 10, 134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00134 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"79100_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.041","volume":"73","author":"MK Jha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jha, M. K., Qamar, A., Vaduganathan, M., Charney, D. S. & Murrough, J. W. Screening and management of depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC State-of-the-art review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 73, 1827\u20131845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.041 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"79100_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","volume":"79","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rinella, M. E. et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J. Hepatol. 79, 1542\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.026","volume":"80","author":"H Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hagstr\u00f6m, H., Vessby, J., Ekstedt, M. & Shang, Y. 99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical. J. Hepatol. 80, e76\u2013e77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.026 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.025","volume":"80","author":"H Perazzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perazzo, H., Pacheco, A. G. & Griep, R. H. Changing from NAFLD through MAFLD to MASLD: Similar prevalence and risk factors in a large Brazilian cohort. J. Hepatol. 80, e72\u2013e74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.025 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.05.027","volume":"81","author":"A De","year":"2024","unstructured":"De, A., Mehta, M. & Duseja, A. Substantial overlap between NAFLD and MASLD with comparable disease severity and non-invasive test performance: An analysis of the Indian Consortium on MASLD (ICOM-D) cohort. J. Hepatol. 81, e162\u2013e164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.05.027 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.09.033","volume":"80","author":"A Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, A., Zhu, X., Zhang, L. & Ding, Y. Transitioning from NAFLD to MAFLD and MASLD: Consistent prevalence and risk factors in a Chinese cohort. J. Hepatol. 80, e154\u2013e155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.09.033 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.021","volume":"80","author":"SJ Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song, S. J., Lai, J. C., Wong, G. L., Wong, V. W. & Yip, T. C. Can we use old NAFLD data under the new MASLD definition? J. Hepatol. 80, e54\u2013e56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.021 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"79100_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","volume":"186","author":"A Fry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fry, A. et al. Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK Biobank participants with those of the general population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 186, 1026\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx246 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-79100-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-79100-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-79100-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T08:29:35Z","timestamp":1732264175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-79100-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["79100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-79100-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The UK Biobank study has approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and all participants provided written informed consent. As our MR study was based on publicly available data, no additional ethical approval or consent was required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"28561"}}