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Nanoemulsions of\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract were prepared by oil in water method. The designed samples were characterized by TEM, zeta sizer, FTIR, and TGA. The in vitro study included DPPH assay to estimate the free radical scavenging activity of the suggested treatments. The in vivo study included 100 adult male\n                    <jats:italic>Wistar<\/jats:italic>\n                    rats which were assigned into 10 equal groups; five groups of young rats weighting (150\u2013200\u00a0g) and five groups of aged rats weighting (350\u2013400\u00a0g). Group I, negative control. Group II, bisphenol-A (BPA). Group III, BPA+\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract nanoemulsion. Group IV, BPA+ free\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract. Group V, BPA +Vit.E. After 40 days, serum total testosterone, free testosterone, MDA, 8-OHdG and AGEs were estimated. Besides, the histological investigation of testicular tissue sections was performed. TEM imaging of\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract nanoemulsions indicated spherical shape with diameter range from 2 to 50\u00a0nm, and the size distribution was in the range from 62 to 123 d.nm. The zeta potential of the designed nanoemulsions was -32.8 to -38.9 mV. FTIR spectra revealed the common active groups in the prepared nanoemulsions. The thermal stability of the nanoemulsions was up to 207 \u00baC. The in vitro results of DPPH assay showed % inhibition of DPPH free radical for\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    nanoemulsions samples was 49.38% (for young-treated group Sample A) and 72.28% (for aged-treated group Sample B), while for free\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract samples was 30.27% (for young-treated group Sample C) and 56.76% (for aged-treated group Sample D), for Vit.E samples was 32.36% (for young-treated group Sample E) and 36.39% (for aged-treated group Sample F).Thus the nanoemulsions exhibit free radicals scavenging activity more than free\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract and Vit.E. The in vivo findings elucidated that\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract nanoemulsions and Vit.E successfully revers the progressive insult of BPA on male fertility by significantly enhance total testosterone (2.87\u00b10.318) and free testosterone (1.63\u00b10.033) serum levels, and significantly decrease MDA (2.77\u00b10.018), 8-OHdG (6.76\u00b10.174) and AGEs (92.60\u00b11.701) serum levels. Interestingly, the most promising outcomes were recorded upon the treatment with\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract nanoemulsions. In conclusion the developed\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    dry extract nanoemulsion could be used as a promising strategy in improving potential male infertility defects by rescuing male sex hormones, neutralizing oxidative stress and retrieving the structural organization of the testes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79388-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T10:30:53Z","timestamp":1732530653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Panax ginseng nanoemulsion for counteracting male infertility via modulating sex hormones and oxidative stress in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Basma I.","family":"El-Shimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafat M.","family":"Mohareb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab S.","family":"Abohashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled F.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demiana H.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"79388_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","volume":"62","author":"MV Borght","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borght, M. 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