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In the hosts, they lead to multi-organ disease. Recent studies reported that they may induce changes in the kidneys of hosts. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> sp. on hypoxia and collagen deposition in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> sp. The results strongly suggest that <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> sp. induces hypoxia in mice with normal and reduced immune response by increasing gene and\/or protein expression of HIF1\u03b1 as well as HIF2\u03b1. Additionally, the activation of these factors is probably induced via NOX2\/ROS. Hypoxia promotes vessel formation, and we found that angiogenesis occurs in the kidneys of mice infected with the parasite regardless of their immunological status. The proangiogenic factors released in hypoxic conditions cause modulation and inflammation in the kidney cells, which in turn leads to collagen deposition via TGF-\u03b2. This work reveals mechanisms occurring in the hosts infected with <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> sp., highlights as well as supports the relevance of pathophysiology in the kidneys in hosts with systematic acanthamoebiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79848-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T02:51:50Z","timestamp":1731639110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hypoxia and collagen deposition in the kidneys infected with Acanthamoeba sp."],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Grabowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3869-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Tarnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kupnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Tomasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Kosik-Bogacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"\u0141anocha-Arendarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"79848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106841","volume":"194","author":"H Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, H. et al. 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