{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:29:40Z","timestamp":1790274580321,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research takes on a crucial task- exploring the optimal placement of Renewable Distributed Generators such as Solar Photovoltaic, wind turbines and Electric Vehicles into the Radial Distribution System (RDS). This is a strategic move aimed at minimising power loss (P<jats:sub>Loss<\/jats:sub>) and improving the voltage profile and stability index. The RDGs are integrated into RDS with and without considering the uncertainty of the different load demands for 24\u00a0h. The probability function of Beta and Weibull distribution functions are employed to attain the solar irradiance and wind speed in a particular region. In addition, EVs are also integrated into RDS, employing meta-heuristic algorithms intended to reduce power loss (PLoss) and improve the voltage profile. The study uses an Indian 28-bus test system mimicking a balanced radial distribution network to integrate distributed generators (DGs) and EV charging stations. The simulated results demonstrate that integrating DGs into power systems has offered considerable benefits, including reduced PLoss, heightened efficiency, decreased dependency on centralised generation, and improved environmental sustainability. It is discovered that the Multi-population Evolution Whale Optimization Algorithm (MEWOA) produces better results than other methods in the literature and is valuable and practical for handling these nonlinear optimisation situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80076-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T08:39:45Z","timestamp":1731919185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Optimal placement of renewable distributed generators and electric vehicles using multi-population evolution whale optimization algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rinchen","family":"Zangmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4562-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh Kumar","family":"Sudabattula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachin","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8439-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagaraju","family":"Dharavat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naresh Kumar","family":"Golla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay Kumar","family":"Jadoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"80076_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Lorenzo, G. & Yadiyal, K. \u2018Sustainable power system planning for India: Insights from a modelling and simulation perspective\u2019, Energy Nexus, vol. 13, no. November p. 100261, 2024, doi: (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nexus.2023.100261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2023.100261"},{"issue":"1","key":"80076_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288136","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2023.2288136","volume":"45","author":"RB Magadum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magadum, R. B. & Kulkarni, D. B. Optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generators in power distribution networks. Int. J. Ambient Energy. 45 (1), 2288136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01430750.2023.2288136 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient Energy"},{"key":"80076_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119605","volume":"323","author":"A Fathy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fathy, A. A novel artificial hummingbird algorithm for integrating renewable based biomass distributed generators in radial distribution systems. Appl. Energy. 323, 119605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119605 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"80076_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiwari, V., Dubey, H. M. & Pandit, M. \u2018Optimal allocation of DG and Capacitor Units Using Jellyfish Search Algorithm\u2019, in 13th IEEE PES Asia Pacific Power & Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2021, pp. 1\u20136. doi: (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/APPEEC50844.2021.9687762","DOI":"10.1109\/APPEEC50844.2021.9687762"},{"key":"80076_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.-F. A., \u2018Optimal allocation of multi-type distributed generators using backtracking search optimization algorithm\u2019. Int. J. Electr. Power \\& Energy Syst., 64, p. 1197, (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.09.020"},{"issue":"0","key":"80076_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2023.2207638","volume":"0","author":"RA Lone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lone, R. A., Iqbal, S. J. & Anees, A. S. Optimal location and sizing of distributed generation for distribution systems: an improved analytical technique. Int. J. Green. Energy. 0 (0), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15435075.2023.2207638 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Green. Energy"},{"key":"80076_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. M., \u2018A combination of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for optimal DG location and sizing in distribution systems\u2019. Int. J. Electr. Power \\& Energy Syst., 34, p. 66, (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2011.08.023"},{"key":"80076_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prakash, D. B. & Lakshminarayana, C. \u2018Multiple DG Placements in Distribution System for Power Loss Reduction Using PSO Algorithm\u2019, Procedia Technology, vol. 25, no. Raerest, pp. 785\u2013792, doi: (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.08.173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.08.173"},{"key":"80076_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. A., \u2018Optimal active and reactive power allocation in distribution networks using a novel heuristic approach\u2019. Appl. Energy, vol. 233\u2013234, p. 71, (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.030"},{"key":"80076_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. A. Y., \u2018Ant lion optimization algorithm for optimal location and sizing of renewable distributed generations\u2019. Renew. Energy, 101, p. 1311, (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.09.023"},{"key":"80076_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c7etin, G. & Ke\u00e7eba\u015f, A. \u2018Optimization of thermodynamic performance with simulated annealing algorithm: A geothermal power plant\u2019, Renew Energy, vol. 172, pp. 968\u2013982, Jul. doi: (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2021.03.101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.03.101"},{"key":"80076_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"T.P. Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen T.P., Dieu V.N., P. Vasant Symbiotic organism search algorithm for optimal size and siting of distributed generators in distribution systems. Int. J. Energy Optim. Eng. 6, 1 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Optim. Eng."},{"key":"80076_CR13","unstructured":"O. A. I., \u2018Optimal sitting and sizing of shunt capacitor for real power loss reduction on radial distribution system using firefly algorithm: A case study of Nigerian system\u2019, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 00, p. 1, (2019)."},{"issue":"8","key":"80076_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/2050-7038.12451","volume":"30","author":"S Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das, S. & Malakar, T. Estimating the impact of uncertainty on optimum capacitor placement in wind-integrated radial distribution system. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 30 (8), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2050-7038.12451 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"80076_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54465","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981406","volume":"8","author":"EA Almabsout","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almabsout, E. A., El-Sehiemy, R. A., An, O. N. U. & Bayat, O. A hybrid local search-genetic Algorithm for Simultaneous Placement of DG Units and Shunt Capacitors in Radial distribution systems. IEEE Access. 8, 54465\u201354481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981406 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"80076_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asasi, M. S., Ahanch, M. & Holari, Y. T. \u2018Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generations and Shunt Capacitors Using Salp Swarm Algorithm\u2019, 26th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE pp. 1166\u20131172, 2018, doi: (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICEE.2018.8472655","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEE.2018.8472655"},{"key":"80076_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tantawy, E. M., Badran, E. A. & Abdel-Rahman, M. H. \u2018Techno-Economic Assessment of Voltage Sags Mitigation in Distribution System Connected to DGs\u2019, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 2022, doi: (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8795100","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8795100"},{"key":"80076_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.114170","volume":"191","author":"NB Roy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roy, N. B. & Das, D. Stochastic power allocation of distributed tri-generation plants and energy storage units in a zero bus microgrid with electric vehicles and demand response. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 191, 114170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2023.114170 (2024).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"80076_CR19","unstructured":"International Energy Agency & \u2018Global, E. V. O. 2023. [Online]. Available: www.iea.org (2023)."},{"key":"80076_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harish, B. N. & Surendra, U. \u2018Power quality disturbance mitigation in grid connected photovoltaic distributed generation with plug-in hybrid electric vehicle\u2019, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 6025\u20136036, doi: (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijece.v13i6.pp6025-6036","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v13i6.pp6025-6036"},{"key":"80076_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eid, A. Cost-based analysis and optimization of distributed generations and shunt capacitors incorporated into distribution systems with nonlinear demand modeling. Expert Syst. Appl. 198 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116844 (Jul. 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116844"},{"key":"80076_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.12.005","volume":"57","author":"CH Dharmakeerthi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dharmakeerthi, C. H., Mithulananthan, N. & Saha, T. K. Impact of electric vehicle fast charging on power system voltage stability. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 57, 241\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.12.005 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"80076_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deb, S., Tammi, K., Kalita, K. & Mahanta, P. \u2018Impact of electric vehicle charging station load on distribution network\u2019, Energies (Basel), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1\u201325, doi: (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11010178","DOI":"10.3390\/en11010178"},{"key":"80076_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68124","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984127","volume":"8","author":"MZ Zeb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeb, M. Z. et al. Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in the active distribution network. IEEE Access. 8, 68124\u201368134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984127 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"80076_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mojumder, M. R. H., Ahmed Antara, F., Hasanuzzaman, M., Alamri, B. & Alsharef, M. \u2018Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery\u2019, Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 21, doi: (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su142113856","DOI":"10.3390\/su142113856"},{"key":"80076_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta, R. S. et al. \u2018Sustainable charging station allocation in the distribution system for electric vehicles considering technicconomic, and societal factors\u2019, J Energy Storage, vol. 73, no. PC, p. 109052, doi: (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.est.2023.109052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109052"},{"key":"80076_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prime.2024.100694","volume":"9","author":"K Pal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pal, K. & Kunj, T. e-Prime - advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy Electric vehicle fast charging station energy management system for radial distribution network with a photo-voltaic distributed generator (PV-DG). e-Prime - Adv. Electr. Eng. 9, 100694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prime.2024.100694 (2024). Electronics and Energy.","journal-title":"e-Prime - Adv. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"80076_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Sudabattula, S. K. & Dharavat, N. \u2018Optimal integration of renewable distributed generators and electric vehicles in a radial distributed network\u2019, in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Institute of Physics, doi: (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2327\/1\/012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2327\/1\/012010"},{"key":"80076_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dharavat, N. et al. Sep., \u2018Optimal Allocation of Renewable Distributed Generators and Electric Vehicles in a Distribution System Using the Political Optimization Algorithm\u2019, Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 18, doi: (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186698","DOI":"10.3390\/en15186698"},{"key":"80076_CR30","unstructured":"Golive, S. G., Paramasivam, B., Ravindra, J. & \u2018INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING Optimal. Siting and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Distributed Generators in Distribution Systems by Meta Heuristic Techniques\u2019, vol. 12, pp. 55\u201362, (2024)."},{"key":"80076_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, S., Li, Z. & Golkar, M. J. \u2018Optimum placement of distributed generation resources, capacitors and charging stations with a developed competitive algorithm\u2019, Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 4, p. e26194, doi: (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26194"},{"key":"80076_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-023-02198-3","author":"S Mehroliya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehroliya, S. & Arya, A. Optimal planning of power distribution system employing electric vehicle charging stations and distributed generators using metaheuristic algorithm. Electr. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00202-023-02198-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"key":"80076_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. R. C. Grasshopper optimization algorithm based two stage fuzzy multiobjective approach for optimum sizing and placement of distributed generations, shunt capacitors and electric vehicle charging stations. J. Energy Storage. 27, 101117 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.101117"},{"key":"80076_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gampa, S. R., Jasthi, K., Goli, P., Das, D. & Bansal, R. C. \u2018Grasshopper optimization algorithm based two stage fuzzy multiobjective approach for optimum sizing and placement of distributed generations, shunt capacitors and electric vehicle charging stations\u2019, J Energy Storage, vol. 27, Feb. doi: (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.est.2019.101117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.101117"},{"key":"80076_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gautam, R. et al. Assessing uncertainty in the optimal placement of distributed generators in radial distribution feeders. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 230, no. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.110249 (February, 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.110249"},{"key":"80076_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K, M. V. R., Shwetha, S., Gs, S., Sharma, A. & Tellez, A. A. \u2018Techno-economic assessment of distribution system considering different types of electric vehicles and distributed generators\u2019, no. March, pp. 1815\u20131829, doi: (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/gtd2.13158","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.13158"},{"key":"80076_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, S., Li, Z. & Golkar, M. J. \u2018Optimum placement of distributed generation resources, capacitors and charging stations with a developed competitive algorithm\u2019, Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 4, Feb. doi: (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26194"},{"key":"80076_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-023-02087-9","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad, F. & Bilal, M. Allocation of plug-in electric vehicle charging station with integrated solar powered distributed generation using an adaptive particle swarm optimization. Electr. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00202-023-02087-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Electr. Eng."},{"key":"80076_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.10.003","volume":"75","author":"P Kayal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kayal, P. & Chanda, C. K. Optimal mix of solar and wind distributed generations considering performance improvement of electrical distribution network. Renew. Energy. 75, 173\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2014.10.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"issue":"5","key":"80076_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/15325000390127011","volume":"31","author":"R Ranjan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ranjan, R., Venkatesh, B. & Das, D. Voltage stability analysis of radial distribution networks. Electr. Power Compon. Syst. 31 (5), 501\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325000390127011 (2003).","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"80076_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/21563306.2012.10505410","volume":"27","author":"K Nagaraju","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagaraju K., Sivanagaraju S., Ramana T., Ganesh V., Enhancement of voltage stability in distribution systems by optimal placement of distribution generator. Distrib. Generation Altern. Energy J. 27, 25 (2012).","journal-title":"Distrib. Generation Altern. Energy J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80076-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80076-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80076-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T09:03:59Z","timestamp":1731920639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80076-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["80076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-80076-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28447"}}