{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T06:13:17Z","timestamp":1771654397125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008370","name":"National Pork Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPB 20-159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPB 20-159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For over a century African swine fever (ASF) has been causing outbreaks leading to devastating losses for the swine industry. The current pandemic of ASF has shown no signs of stopping and continues to spread causing outbreaks in additional countries. Currently control relies mostly on culling infected farms, and strict biosecurity procedures. Recently a vaccine, ASFV-G-\u0394I177L was approved for use in Vietnam. In this study we evaluate the long-term stability of lyophilized ASFV-G-\u0394I177L. Understanding the stability of different formulations of vaccines is information necessary for deployment of vaccines to ASF outbreak areas, particularly those that do not have a reliable well established cold chain to ensure conservation of vaccine quality. In this report, we determined that ASFV-G-\u0394I177L, when lyophilized under specific conditions, is stable for up to one year at 4\u00a0\u00b0C, with similar vaccine titers after storage. Next-generation sequencing analysis also determined that lyophilization and long-term storage under these conditions had no effect on the genome of ASFV as the genome remained genetically identical to the original non-lyophilized form.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80170-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:33:40Z","timestamp":1735583620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lyophilization of ASFV vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u0394I177L offers long term stability"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nallely","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Spinard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayushi","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ramirez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Valladares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel V.","family":"Borca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Gladue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"80170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(21)80031-4","volume":"34","author":"RE Montgomery","year":"1921","unstructured":"Montgomery, R. E. On a form of swine fever occuring in British East Africa (Kenya Colony). J. Comp. Pathol. Thera 34, 159\u2013191 (1921).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol. Thera"},{"key":"80170_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68618-7_2","volume-title":"Lesser Known Large dsDNA Viruses, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","author":"ER Tulman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tulman, E. R., Delhon, G. A., Ku, B. K. & Rock, D. L. African swine fever virus. In Lesser Known Large dsDNA Viruses, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Vol. 328 (ed. Etten, V.) 43\u201387 (Springer, 2009)."},{"key":"80170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101283","volume":"17","author":"DA Chapman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chapman, D. A. et al. Genomic analysis of highly virulent Georgia 2007\/1 isolate of African swine fever virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 599\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1704.101283 (2011).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"80170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051090","author":"E Ramirez-Medina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramirez-Medina, E. et al. Experimental infection of domestic pigs with an African swine fever virus field strain isolated in 2021 from the Dominican Republic. Viruses 14, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14051090 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"80170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02017-19","author":"MV Borca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borca, M. V. et al. Development of a highly effective African swine fever virus vaccine by deletion of the I177L gene results in sterile immunity against the current epidemic Eurasia strain. J. Virol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02017-19 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"80170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14329","author":"XH Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran, X. H. et al. African swine fever virus vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u0394177L efficiently protects European and native pig breeds against circulating Vietnamese field strain. Transbound Emerg Dis https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14329 (2021).","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"80170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050765","volume":"13","author":"MV Borca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borca, M. V. et al. ASFV-G-\u0394I177L as an effective oral nasal vaccine against the Eurasia strain of Africa swine fever. Viruses 13, 765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13050765 (2021).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"80170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050896","volume":"14","author":"XH Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran, X. H. et al. Evaluation of the safety profile of the ASFV vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u0394I177L. Viruses 14, 896 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"80170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050878","volume":"14","author":"DP Gladue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gladue, D. P. & Borca, M. V. Recombinant ASF live attenuated virus strains as experimental vaccine candidates. Viruses 14, 878 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"80170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2978","author":"MV Borca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borca, M. V., Berggren, K. A., Ramirez-Medina, E., Vuono, E. A. & Gladue, D. P. CRISPR\/Cas gene editing of a large DNA virus: African swine fever virus. Bio-protocol https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/BioProtoc.2978 (2018).","journal-title":"Bio-protocol"},{"key":"80170_CR11","first-page":"493","volume":"27","author":"LJ Reed","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed, L. J. & Muench, H. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am. J. Hygiene 27, 493\u2013497 (1938).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hygiene"},{"key":"80170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21575-8","volume":"8","author":"MV Borca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borca, M. V., Holinka, L. G., Berggren, K. A. & Gladue, D. P. CRISPR-Cas9, a tool to efficiently increase the development of recombinant African swine fever viruses. Sci. Rep. 8, 3154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-21575-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80170-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80170-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80170-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T10:04:38Z","timestamp":1735639478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80170-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["80170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-80170-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"M.B. and D.G hold a patent for the ASFV-G-\u0394177L vaccine used in this study. All other authors have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31613"}}