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To date no study has examined whether these profound changes in young children\u2019s day to day social interactions impacted the development of social cognition skills in early childhood. To address this question, we compared the performance of two cohorts of 3.5- to 5.5-year-old children tested before and after the COVID-19 lockdowns on several measures of false-belief understanding, a critical social cognition skill that undergoes important developments in this age range. Controlling for age and language skills, children tested after the pandemic demonstrated significantly worse false-belief understanding than those tested before the pandemic, and this difference was larger for children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. These results suggest that the pandemic negatively impacted the development of social cognition skills in early childhood, especially for lower SES children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80532-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1732251686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The COVID-19 pandemic and social cognitive outcomes in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rose M.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Nguyentran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Z.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"80532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01506-4","volume":"7","author":"BA Betth\u00e4user","year":"2023","unstructured":"Betth\u00e4user, B. 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