{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:57:10Z","timestamp":1792803430235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005984","name":"Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005984","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AT012312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AT012312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AT011439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AT011439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCCIH U19","award":["NS128613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS128613"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Career Award at the Scientific Interface from Burroughs Wellcome Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013278","name":"JPND","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Independent Research Fund Denmark","award":["3101-00282B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3101-00282B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80593-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T17:01:51Z","timestamp":1732294911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Blood osmolytes such as sugar can drive brain fluid flows in a poroelastic model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peter A. R.","family":"Bork","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gianetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Newbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Hablitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Bohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiken","family":"Nedergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"80593_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, et al. A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid \u03b2. Sci. Transl. Med. 4(147):147ra111\u2013147ra111 (2012).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748"},{"issue":"6156","key":"80593_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","volume":"342","author":"L Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie, L. et al. Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain. Science. 342(6156), 373\u2013377 (2013).","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"1","key":"80593_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3","volume":"9","author":"H Mestre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mestre, H. et al. Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension. Nat Commun. 9(1), 4878 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"80593_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01327-2","volume":"26","author":"S Holstein-R\u00f8nsbo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holstein-R\u00f8nsbo, S. et al. Glymphatic influx and clearance are accelerated by neurovascular coupling. Nat Neurosci. 26(6), 1042\u20131053 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"issue":"6465","key":"80593_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax5440","volume":"366","author":"NE Fultz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fultz, N. E. et al. oupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep. Science. 366(6465), 628\u2013631 (2019).","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"2","key":"80593_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2020","volume":"102","author":"MK Rasmussen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rasmussen, M. K., Mestre, H. & Nedergaard, M. Fluid transport in the brain. Physiological Reviews. 102(2), 1025\u20131151 (2022).","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews."},{"issue":"8002","key":"80593_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07108-6","volume":"627","author":"LF Jiang-Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang-Xie, L. F. et al. Neuronal dynamics direct cerebrospinal fluid perfusion and brain clearance. Nature. 627(8002), 157\u2013164 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"80593_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plog BA, Mestre H, Olveda GE, Sweeney AM, Kenney HM, Cove A, et al. Transcranial optical imaging reveals a pathway for optimizing the delivery of immunotherapeutics to the brain. JCI Insight. 2018 18;3(20).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120922"},{"key":"80593_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilius TO, Rosenholm M, Klinger L, Mortensen KN, Sigurdsson B, Mogensen FLH, et al. SPECT\/CT imaging reveals CNS-wide modulation of glymphatic cerebrospinal fluid flow by systemic hypertonic saline. iScience. 2022;25(10):105250.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105250"},{"issue":"1","key":"80593_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70010397.x","volume":"70","author":"R Gruetter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gruetter, R., Ugurbil, K. & Seaquist, E. R. Steady-State Cerebral Glucose Concentrations and Transport in the Human Brain. Journal of Neurochemistry. 70(1), 397\u2013408 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry."},{"issue":"6","key":"80593_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200106000-00003","volume":"21","author":"IY Choi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Choi, I. Y., Lee, S. P., Kim, S. G. & Gruetter, R. In Vivo Measurements of Brain Glucose Transport Using the Reversible Michaelis-Menten Model and Simultaneous Measurements of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during Hypoglycemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 21(6), 653\u2013663 (2001).","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"80593_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20375","volume":"55","author":"LF Barros","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barros, L. F., Bittner, C. X., Loaiza, A. & Porras, O. H. A quantitative overview of glucose dynamics in the gliovascular unit. Glia. 55(12), 1222\u20131237 (2007).","journal-title":"Glia."},{"issue":"11","key":"80593_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00420J","volume":"48","author":"S Marbach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marbach, S. & Bocquet, L. Osmosis, from molecular insights to large-scale applications. Chem Soc Rev. 48(11), 3102\u20133144 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"80593_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2017.58.384","volume":"58","author":"AA Linninger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Linninger, A. A., Xu, C., Tangen, K. & Hartung, G. Starling forces drive intracranial water exchange during normal and pathological states. Croat Med J. 58(6), 384\u2013394 (2017).","journal-title":"Croat Med J."},{"issue":"5","key":"80593_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2014.55.481","volume":"55","author":"J Buishas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buishas, J., Gould, I. G. & Linninger, A. A. A computational model of cerebrospinal fluid production and reabsorption driven by Starling forces. Croat Med J. 55(5), 481\u2013497 (2014).","journal-title":"Croat Med J."},{"key":"80593_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112010004428","volume":"667","author":"B Tully","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tully, B. & Ventikos, Y. Cerebral water transport using multiple-network poroelastic theory: application to normal pressure hydrocephalus. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 667, 188\u2013215 (2011).","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics."},{"issue":"27","key":"80593_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(58)90330-5","volume":"1","author":"O Kedem","year":"1958","unstructured":"Kedem, O. & Katchalsky, A. Thermodynamic analysis of the permeability of biological membranes to non-electrolytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1(27), 229\u2013246 (1958).","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta."},{"issue":"2","key":"80593_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1712886","volume":"12","author":"MA Biot","year":"1941","unstructured":"Biot, M. A. General Theory of Three-Dimensional Consolidation. Journal of Applied Physics. 12(2), 155\u2013164 (1941).","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physics."},{"issue":"4","key":"80593_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.5.044020","volume":"5","author":"CW MacMinn","year":"2016","unstructured":"MacMinn, C. W., Dufresne, E. R. & Wettlaufer, J. S. Large Deformations of a Soft Porous Material. Phys Rev Applied. 5(4), 044020 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys Rev Applied."},{"key":"80593_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tithof J, Boster KAS, Bork PAR, Nedergaard M, Thomas JH, Kelley DH. A network model of glymphatic flow under different experimentally-motivated parametric scenarios. iScience. 2022;25(5).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104258"},{"issue":"1","key":"80593_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00382-4","volume":"19","author":"G Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, G., Ladr\u00f3n-de-Guevara, A., Izhiman, Y., Nedergaard, M. & Du, T. Measurements of cerebrospinal fluid production: a review of the limitations and advantages of current methodologies. Fluids Barriers CNS. 19(1), 101 (2022).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"80593_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bork PA, Hauglund NL, Mori Y, M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd K, Hjorth PG, Nedergaard M. Modelling of brain efflux: Constraints of brain surfaces. PNAS. 2024;","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2318444121"},{"issue":"204","key":"80593_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230050","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0050","volume":"20","author":"PAR Bork","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bork, P. A. R. et al. Astrocyte endfeet may theoretically act as valves to convert pressure oscillations to glymphatic flow. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 20(204), 20230050 (2023).","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface."},{"issue":"206","key":"80593_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230288","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0288","volume":"20","author":"Y Gan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gan, Y. et al. Perivascular pumping of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain with a valve mechanism. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 20(206), 20230288 (2023).","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface."},{"key":"80593_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2023.747","volume":"974","author":"M Fiori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fiori, M., Pramanik, S. & MacMinn, C. W. Flow and deformation due to periodic loading in a soft porous material. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 974, A2 (2023).","journal-title":"Journal of Fluid Mechanics."},{"key":"80593_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen MD, Springer DA, Burg MB, Boehm M, Dmitrieva NI. Suboptimal hydration remodels metabolism, promotes degenerative diseases, and shortens life. JCI Insight. 2019;4(17).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130949"},{"issue":"3","key":"80593_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","volume":"14","author":"SE Arnold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arnold, S. E. et al. Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol. 14(3), 168\u2013181 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"80593_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.07.014","volume":"35","author":"DS Whittaker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Whittaker, D. S. et al. Circadian modulation by time-restricted feeding rescues brain pathology and improves memory in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Metabolism. 35(10), 1704-1721.e6 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Metabolism."},{"issue":"7","key":"80593_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9136-2","volume":"34","author":"S McGuire","year":"2006","unstructured":"McGuire, S., Zaharoff, D. & Yuan, F. Nonlinear Dependence of Hydraulic Conductivity on Tissue Deformation During Intratumoral Infusion. Ann Biomed Eng. 34(7), 1173\u20131181 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"80593_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000028659","volume":"28","author":"IG Bloomfield","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bloomfield, I. G., Johnston, I. H. & Bilston, L. E. Effects of Proteins, Blood Cells and Glucose on the Viscosity of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Pediatric Neurosurgery. 28(5), 246\u2013251 (1998).","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"1","key":"80593_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-011-9894-7","volume":"92","author":"KH St\u00f8verud","year":"2012","unstructured":"St\u00f8verud, K. H., Darcis, M., Helmig, R. & Hassanizadeh, S. M. Modeling Concentration Distribution and Deformation During Convection-Enhanced Drug Delivery into Brain Tissue. Transp Porous Med. 92(1), 119\u2013143 (2012).","journal-title":"Transp Porous Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"80593_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/acc922","volume":"68","author":"GR Ge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ge, G. R., Rolland, J. P., Song, W., Nedergaard, M. & Parker, K. J. Fluid compartments influence elastography of the aging mouse brain. Phys Med Biol. 68(9), 095004 (2023).","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol."},{"issue":"22","key":"80593_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac9e40","volume":"67","author":"GR Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge, G. R., Song, W., Nedergaard, M., Rolland, J. P. & Parker, K. J. Theory of sleep\/wake cycles affecting brain elastography. Phys Med Biol. 67(22), 225013 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80593-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80593-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80593-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T18:05:10Z","timestamp":1732298710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-80593-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["80593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-80593-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests."}}],"article-number":"29017"}}