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This study investigated for the first time the frequency, antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm-forming ability, virulence factors,\n                    <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and staphylococcal cassette chromosome\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    (SCC\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) types of MRSA and VRSA isolated from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in Egypt. A total of 808 milk samples were collected from each quarter of 202 dairy animals, including 31 buffaloes and 171 cattle. The frequency of mastitis in the collected milk samples was 48.4% (60\/124) in buffaloes and 29.2% (200\/684) in cattle. A total of 65\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species isolates were recovered, including 27 coagulase-positive\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CoPS) isolates and 38 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). The CoNS included 27 mammaliicocci (20\n                    <jats:italic>Mammaliicoccus lentus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 7\n                    <jats:italic>M. sciuri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 11 Non-aureus staphylococci (\n                    <jats:italic>S.\u00a0lugdunensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) isolates. All the CoPS isolates were\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    A positive and resistant to 20\u201333 tested antimicrobials with multiple antibiotic resistance index ranging from 0.61 to 1. Three isolates were PDR, four were XDR, and 20 were multidrug resistant isolates. VRSA was detected in 85.2% of CoPS isolates with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 64 to 1024\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL. The\n                    <jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>\n                    A gene was found in 60.8%,\n                    <jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>\n                    B in 73.9%, and both genes in 43.5% of VRSA isolates. All the CoPS isolates exhibited biofilm formation ability, with 55.6% being strong, and 44.4% moderate biofilm producers, and harbored\n                    <jats:italic>ica<\/jats:italic>\n                    A (74.1%) and\n                    <jats:italic>ica<\/jats:italic>\n                    D (74.1%) biofilm-forming genes. All\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates harbored both beta-haemolysin (\n                    <jats:italic>hlb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and leucotoxin (\n                    <jats:italic>luk<\/jats:italic>\n                    MF) genes, while 44.4% were positive for toxic shock syndrome toxin (\n                    <jats:italic>tsst<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. Enterotoxin genes\n                    <jats:italic>sea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>seb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sec<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sed<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>see<\/jats:italic>\n                    were found in 59.3%, 40.7%, 18.5%, 33.3%, and 14.8% of isolates, respectively. Additionally, 70.4% of the isolates had\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    X-region gene, and exhibited eight different MRSA\n                    <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    types (t127, t267, t037, t011, t843, t1081, t2663, and t1575), with\n                    <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    t127 being the most common. Three SCC\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    types (I, II and III) were identified, with SCC\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    I being predominant, and were further classified into subtypes 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.n.1, and 4.1.1. The ability of MRSA and VRSA isolates to produce biofilms and resist antimicrobials highlights the serious threat these pathogens pose to bovine milk safety, animal welfare, and public health. Therefore, strict hygiene practices and antimicrobial surveillance are crucial to reduce the risk of MRSA and VRSA colonization and dissemination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81516-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T07:30:04Z","timestamp":1734939004000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endangers Egyptian dairy herds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Enany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noreen I.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza S.","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada H.","family":"Eidaroos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem M.","family":"Algendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Mahmmod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Elsohaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"81516_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00273","volume":"5","author":"J Romero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Romero, J., Benavides, E. & Meza, C. 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All methods were carried out in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines (\n                      \n                      ) and regulations and approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University (Ethical approval no.: SZUC 201819).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}}],"article-number":"30606"}}