{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:29:43Z","timestamp":1787167783343,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC-RFA-UFSP-01-2013\/CCAMP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC-RFA-UFSP-01-2013\/CCAMP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the US","award":["R01AI147347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI147347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81558-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T20:16:45Z","timestamp":1751401005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantification of tuberculosis exposure in a high-burdened setting"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Patterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Cobelens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"81558_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Geneva. Global Tuberculosis Report, 2020. (WHO, 2020). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/97892400"},{"issue":"12","key":"81558_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2314813121","volume":"121","author":"B Patterson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patterson, B. et al. Aerosolization of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli by tuberculosis clinic attendees independent of sputum-Xpert Ultra status. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 121(12), e2314813121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2314813121 (2024).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"81558_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110731","volume":"27","author":"R Dinkele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dinkele, R. et al. Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis bioaerosol release in a tuberculosis-endemic setting. iScience 27, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110731 (2024).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"81558_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05278-y","volume":"20","author":"B Patterson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patterson, B. et al. Bioaerosol sampling of patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis: A study protocol. BMC Infect. Dis. 20(1), 587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05278-y (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"81558_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009262","volume":"17","author":"R Dinkele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinkele, R. et al. Capture and visualization of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli from tuberculosis patient bioaerosols. PloS Pathog. 17(2), e1009262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009262 (2021).","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"81558_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2019.05.003","volume":"117","author":"B Patterson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patterson, B. & Wood, R. Is cough really necessary for TB transmission?. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 117, 31\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tube.2019.05.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"issue":"6","key":"81558_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010506","volume":"16","author":"EM Rees","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rees, E. M. et al. Estimating the duration of antibody positivity and likely time of Leptospira infection using data from a cross-sectional serological study in Fiji. PloS Negl. Trop. Dis. 16(6), e0010506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010506 (2022).","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"81558_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76988","volume":"11","author":"MA Dixon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dixon, M. A. et al. Global variation in force-of-infection trends for human Taenia solium taeniasis\/cysticercosis. eLife 11, e76988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.76988 (2022).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"81558_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674428928","volume-title":"Catalytic Models in Epidemiology","author":"H Muench","year":"1959","unstructured":"Muench, H. Catalytic Models in Epidemiology (Harvard University Press, 1959)."},{"key":"81558_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam6310","volume":"10","author":"M Kamariza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamariza, M. et al. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum with a solvatochromic trehalose probe. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, 430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam6310 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"81558_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1201\/b10905-2","volume-title":"Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo","author":"CJ Geyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geyer, C. J. Introduction to Markov chain Monte Carlo. In Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (eds Brooks, S. et al.) 3\u201348 (Chapman & Hall\/CRC, 2011)."},{"key":"81558_CR12","unstructured":"Plummer, M. Rjags: Bayesian Graphical Models using MCMC_. R package version 4-14. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rjags. (2023)."},{"issue":"4","key":"81558_CR13","first-page":"406","volume":"14","author":"R Wood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wood, R. et al. Changing prevalence of tuberculosis infection with increasing age in high-burden townships in South Africa. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis. 14(4), 406\u2013412 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"81558_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01683-0","volume":"9","author":"MA Behr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Behr, M. A., Edelstein, P. H. & Ramakrishnan, L. Rethinking the burden of latent tuberculosis to reprioritize research. Nat. Microbiol. 9(5), 1157\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-024-01683-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"81558_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-156","volume":"11","author":"K Middelkoop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Middelkoop, K. et al. Force of tuberculosis infection among adolescents in a high HIV and TB prevalence community: A cross-sectional observation study. BMC Infect. Dis. 11, 156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-11-156 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"81558_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00043-4","volume":"2","author":"M Belay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belay, M. et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in CD34-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asymptomatic tuberculosis contacts: An observational study. Lancet Microbe 2(6), e267\u2013e275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00043-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"12","key":"81558_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236","volume":"7","author":"CE Barry 3rd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barry, C. E. 3rd. et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: Rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7(12), 845\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2236 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"81558_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101250","volume":"43","author":"L Asadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asadi, L. et al. How much do smear-negative patients really contribute to tuberculosis transmissions? Re-examining an old question with new tools. EClinicalMedicine 43, 101250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101250 (2022).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"81558_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82469","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82469","volume":"12","author":"JC Emery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emery, J. C. et al. Estimating the contribution of subclinical tuberculosis disease to transmission: An individual patient data analysis from prevalence surveys. elife 12, e82469 (2023).","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"81558_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00011-2","author":"L Stuck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stuck, L. et al. Prevalence of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in community settings: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00011-2 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"81558_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238193","volume":"15","author":"B Patterson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patterson, B. et al. Sensitivity optimisation of tuberculosis bioaerosol sampling. PLoS One 15(9), e0238193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238193 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"81558_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30707-8","volume":"20","author":"CM Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams, C. M. et al. Exhaled Mycobacterium tuberculosis output and detection of subclinical disease by face-mask sampling: prospective observational studies. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20(5), 607\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30707-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"81558_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0940-2","volume":"26","author":"G Theron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Theron, G. et al. Bacterial and host determinants of cough aerosol culture positivity in patients with drug-resistant versus drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Nat. Med. 26(9), 1435\u20131443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0940-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-81558-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-81558-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-81558-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T20:16:47Z","timestamp":1751401007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-81558-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["81558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-81558-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4455115\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22687"}}