{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:09:22Z","timestamp":1789646962485,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82012-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T14:44:59Z","timestamp":1744728299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a predictor of NAFLD prevalence and steatosis severity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yajie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"82012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00020-0","volume":"6","author":"G Targher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Targher, G., Tilg, H. & Byrne, C. D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6(7), 578\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00020-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"82012_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","volume":"7","author":"K Riazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riazi, K. et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7(9), 851\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X","volume":"8","author":"J Quek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quek, J. et al. Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(1), 20\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"82012_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.033","volume":"70","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014A global public health perspective. J. Hepatol. 70(3), 531\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.033 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"82012_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.11.005","author":"V Lekakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lekakis, V. & Papatheodoridis, G. V. Natural history of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Eur. J. Intern. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.11.005 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"82012_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.14744\/hf.2023.2023.0042","volume":"323","author":"AC Sheka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheka, A. C. et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A review. Jama 323(12), 1175\u20131183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14744\/hf.2023.2023.0042 (2020).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"82012_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S355980","volume":"15","author":"G Sheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheng, G. et al. Utility of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in evaluating incident diabetes risk. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 15, 1677\u20131686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S355980 (2022).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01939-4","volume":"22","author":"W Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, W. et al. Association between the non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio and abdominal aortic aneurysm from a Chinese screening program. Lipids Health Dis. 22(1), 187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-023-01939-4 (2023).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"82012_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014","volume":"92","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polyzos, S. A., Kountouras, J. & Mantzoros, C. S. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutics. Metabolism 92, 82\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014 (2019).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"82012_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.05.020","volume":"13","author":"AG Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. G. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of triglyceride\/glucose and triglyceride\/HDL index as predictors for insulin resistance in children with and without obesity. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 13(4), 2329\u20132334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.05.020 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.154506","volume":"141","author":"E Flowers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flowers, E. et al. Use of plasma triglyceride\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to identify increased cardio-metabolic risk in young, healthy South Asians. Indian J. Med. Res. 141(1), 68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-5916.154506 (2015).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"82012_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012","volume":"65","author":"E Buzzetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buzzetti, E., Pinzani, M. & Tsochatzis, E. A. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism 65(8), 1038\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012 (2016).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"82012_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.06.001","volume":"34","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Hyperoside attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via cholesterol metabolism and bile acid metabolism. J. Adv. Res. 34, 109\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2021.06.001 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"82012_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0636","volume":"329","author":"TD Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng, T. D. et al. Trends in dietary vitamin A intake among US adults by race and ethnicity, 2003\u20132018. Jama 329(12), 1026\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.0636 (2023).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"2","key":"82012_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1039\/d2fo02204d","volume":"14","author":"K Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, K. et al. The association between serum vitamin A and NAFLD among US adults varied in different BMI groups: A cross-sectional study. Food Funct. 14(2), 836\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d2fo02204d (2023).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"6","key":"82012_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.042","volume":"156","author":"PJ Eddowes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eddowes, P. J. et al. Accuracy of fibroscan controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurement in assessing steatosis and fibrosis in patients with Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 156(6), 1717\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.042 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"82012_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.925690","volume":"13","author":"R Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie, R. et al. Association between SII and hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: A population-based study. Front Immunol. 13, 925690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.925690 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03470-z","volume":"20","author":"G Sheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheng, G. et al. Evaluation of the value of conventional and unconventional lipid parameters for predicting the risk of diabetes in a non-diabetic population. J. Transl. Med. 20(1), 266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-022-03470-z (2022).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02012-4","volume":"23","author":"G Qing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qing, G. et al. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and suicidal ideation in adults: A population-based study in the United States. Lipids Health Dis. 23(1), 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-024-02012-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"82012_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083032","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1083032","volume":"14","author":"H Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng, H. et al. Prediction of MAFLD and NAFLD using different screening indexes: A cross-sectional study in US adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14, 1083032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1083032 (2023).","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9841","key":"82012_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60312-2","volume":"380","author":"BF Voight","year":"2012","unstructured":"Voight, B. F. et al. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: A mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 380(9841), 572\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60312-2 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"82012_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.006","volume":"71","author":"MV Holmes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holmes, M. V. et al. Lipids, lipoproteins, and metabolites and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 71(6), 620\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.006 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01344-1","volume":"19","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Relationship between the non-HDLc-to-HDLc ratio and carotid plaques in a high stroke risk population: A cross-sectional study in China. Lipids Health Dis. 19(1), 168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-020-01344-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"82012_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meng, H., Ruan, J., Yan, Z., et al. New progress in early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(16) (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23168939.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168939"},{"key":"82012_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S414673","volume":"16","author":"R Zhen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhen, R. et al. The relationship between non-HDL-C \/HDL-C ratio (NHHR) and vitamin D in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 16, 2661\u20132673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S414673 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01762-2","volume":"22","author":"B Che","year":"2023","unstructured":"Che, B. et al. Triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as potential cardiovascular disease risk factors: An analysis of UK biobank data. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 22(1), 34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01762-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"6","key":"82012_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.03.003","volume":"25","author":"PY Zuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zuo, P. Y. et al. Non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25(6), 582\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.03.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"82012_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2017.38.6.352","volume":"38","author":"HG Shin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shin, H. G. et al. The relationship between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and metabolic syndrome. Korean J. Fam. Med. 38(6), 352\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4082\/kjfm.2017.38.6.352 (2017).","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"82012_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.064","volume":"344","author":"X Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi, X. et al. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and risk of depression among US adults: A cross-sectional NHANES study. J. Affect. Disord. 344, 451\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.064 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56276-y","volume":"14","author":"K Hou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou, K. et al. The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and prevalence of periodontitis among US adults: A cross-sectional NHANES study. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 5558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56276-y (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01237-0","volume":"15","author":"Z Mo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mo, Z. et al. Association between non-high-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein ratio and reversion to normoglycemia in people with impaired fasting glucose: A 5-year retrospective cohort study. Diabetol Metab. Syndr. 15(1), 259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-023-01237-0 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"82012_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104543","volume":"90","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Genetic association of lipids and lipid-lowering drug target genes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. EBioMedicine 90, 104543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104543 (2023).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"82012_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","volume":"152","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 152, 116\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025 (2020).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"82012_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00501-9","volume":"3","author":"H Tilg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tilg, H. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The interplay between metabolism, microbes and immunity. Nat. Metab. 3(12), 1596\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-021-00501-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"82012_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.01.006","volume":"35","author":"N Stefan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefan, N. et al. The role of hepatokines in NAFLD. Cell Metab. 35(2), 236\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.01.006 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"82012_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1592-5_4","volume":"1377","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Ke, Y. & Hong, H. HDL and lipid metabolism. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1377, 49\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-1592-5_4 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"82012_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.994309","volume":"9","author":"MF Manzoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manzoor, M. F. et al. Oxidative stress and metabolic diseases: Relevance and therapeutic strategies. Front Nutr. 9, 994309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.994309 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"82012_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.003","volume":"159","author":"S Busatto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Busatto, S. et al. Lipoprotein-based drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 159, 377\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.003 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"82012_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12318","volume":"34","author":"S Zelber-Sagi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zelber-Sagi, S. et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol independently predicts new onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 34(6), e128\u2013e135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.12318 (2014).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"82012_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-0984-9","volume":"18","author":"XY Ren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren, X. Y. et al. Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a significant predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver: Jinchang cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 18(1), 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-019-0984-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82012-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82012-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82012-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T14:45:00Z","timestamp":1744728300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82012-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["82012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82012-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The NHANES Research Project was approved by the Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (NCHS IRB\/ERB Agreement No. Continuation of Protocol#2011-17; Protocol #2018-01), in which all respondents provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest in this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12990"}}