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This is a cross-sectional study. We divided the sample into four groups: control group (CG) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200931), group 1 (G1): \u22646 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200934), group 2 (G2): 2\u20136 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930), group 3 (G3): 7\u201312 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935) after infection. For HRV analysis, we used the indices of linear (time and frequency domain) and non-linear analysis. For comparisons between groups, ANOVA one way test or Kruskal\u2013Wallis was used according to the data distribution. The effect size was calculated based on Cohen\u2019s d or \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Simple and multiple linear regressions were performed to investigate the interaction between clinical outcomes and HRV parameters. A total of 130 individuals were included. Groups G1 and G2 showed less parasympathetic modulation when compared to CG (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while G3 showed an increase in parasympathetic modulation when compared to G1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moderate to large effect sizes were found according to Cohen d or \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The multiple linear regression models identified age and infection duration as significant predictors for RMSSD (adjusted R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.227) and SD1 (adjusted R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.242), while age was significant for SDNN (adjusted R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.213). BMI, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were non-significant in all models. For HF (n.u.), infection duration was consistently significant, with stress emerging as a predictor in Model 2 (adjusted R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.143). The recovery time since diagnosis and age influences recovery from HRV, suggesting a transient effect of the disease on the autonomic nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82411-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T04:22:41Z","timestamp":1735359761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 on heart rate variability in post-COVID individuals compared to a control group"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aldair Darlan","family":"Santos-de-Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bassi-Dibai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renan Shida","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izadora Moraes","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucivalda Viegas","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"de Sousa dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Borghi-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"82411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12844-8","volume":"12","author":"M Soli\u0144ski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soli\u0144ski, M. et al. 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