{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:04:48Z","timestamp":1790197488939,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82487-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T11:43:51Z","timestamp":1739879031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparing the effectiveness of virtual reality vs 2D display-based cue reactivity paradigms to induce nicotine-craving: a behavioral and psychophysiological study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4156-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Girondini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Pieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Gallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"82487_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.10.002","volume":"223","author":"H Ekhtiari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekhtiari, H., Nasseri, P., Yavari, F., Mokri, A. & Monterosso, J. Neuroscience of drug craving for addiction medicine: From circuits to therapies. Prog. Brain Res. 223, 115\u2013141 (2016).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"82487_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06298.x","volume":"1248","author":"ST Tiffany","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tiffany, S. T. & Wray, J. M. The clinical significance of drug craving. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1248, 1\u201317 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"82487_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899809029938","volume":"30","author":"DW Self","year":"1998","unstructured":"Self, D. W. Neural substrates of drug craving and relapse in drug addiction. Ann. Med. 30, 379\u2013389 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"82487_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03144.x","volume":"106","author":"C O\u2019Brien","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, C. Addiction and dependence in DSM-V. Addiction 106, 866\u2013867 (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961014196.x","volume":"96","author":"MA Sayette","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sayette, M. A., Martin, C. S., Wertz, J. M., Shiffman, S. & Perrott, M. A. A multi-dimensional analysis of cue-elicited craving in heavy smokers and tobacco chippers. Addiction 96, 1419\u20131432 (2001).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts268","volume":"15","author":"JM Wray","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wray, J. M., Gass, J. C. & Tiffany, S. T. A systematic review of the relationships between craving and smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob. Res. 15, 1167\u20131182 (2013).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"82487_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.05.001","volume":"23","author":"R Sinha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sinha, R. The clinical neurobiology of drug craving. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 649\u2013654 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"82487_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12314","volume":"21","author":"KE Courtney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Courtney, K. E., Schacht, J. P., Hutchison, K., Roche, D. J. O. & Ray, L. A. Neural substrates of cue reactivity: Association with treatment outcomes and relapse. Addict. Biol. 21, 3\u201322 (2016).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"82487_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0093","volume":"363","author":"TE Robinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363, 3137\u20133146 (2008).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"82487_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315689197-29","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction","author":"MJF Robinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robinson, M. J. F., Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. The current status of the incentive sensitization theory of addiction. In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction (eds Pickard, H. & Ahmed, S. H.) 351\u2013361 (Routledge, 2018)."},{"key":"82487_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118384404.ch14","volume-title":"The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology","author":"EK Reynolds","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reynolds, E. K. & Monti, P. M. The cue reactivity paradigm in addiction research. In The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology (eds Reynolds, E. K. & Monti, P. M.) 381\u2013410 (Wiley, 2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118384404.ch14."},{"key":"82487_CR12","first-page":"129","volume":"95","author":"DC Drummond","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drummond, D. C. What does cue-reactivity have to offer clinical research?. Addiction 95, 129\u2013144 (2000).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x","volume":"94","author":"BL Carter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carter, B. L. & Tiffany, S. T. Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction 94, 327\u2013340 (1999).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx002","volume":"19","author":"F Versace","year":"2017","unstructured":"Versace, F. et al. Beyond cue reactivity: Non-drug-related motivationally relevant stimuli are necessary to understand reactivity to drug-related cues. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 19, 663\u2013669 (2017).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tobacco Res."},{"key":"82487_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2830-x","volume":"225","author":"Y Yalachkov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yalachkov, Y., Kaiser, J., G\u00f6rres, A., Seehaus, A. & Naumer, M. J. Sensory modality of smoking cues modulates neural cue reactivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 225, 461\u2013471 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"82487_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.09.003","volume":"50","author":"H Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan, H. et al. Drug-related virtual reality cue reactivity is associated with gamma activity in reward and executive control circuit in methamphetamine use disorders. Arch. Med. Res. 50, 509\u2013517 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"82487_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.2.155","volume":"8","author":"JS Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi, J. S. et al. The effect of repeated virtual nicotine cue exposure therapy on the psychophysiological responses: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Investig. 8, 155\u2013160 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"82487_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107075","volume":"123","author":"AA Guerin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerin, A. A. et al. Assessing methamphetamine-related cue reactivity in people with methamphetamine use disorder relative to controls. Addict. Behav. 123, 107075 (2021).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.021","volume":"36","author":"KM Gray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gray, K. M., LaRowe, S. D., Watson, N. L. & Carpenter, M. J. Reactivity to in vivo marijuana cues among cannabis-dependent adolescents. Addict. Behav. 36, 140\u2013143 (2011).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02760.x","volume":"105","author":"SR Bailey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bailey, S. R., Goedeker, K. C. & Tiffany, S. T. The impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on cue-reactivity in smokers. Addiction 105, 364\u2013372 (2010).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7040042","volume":"7","author":"TD Parsons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parsons, T. D., Gaggioli, A. & Riva, G. Virtual reality for research in social neuroscience. Brain Sci. 7, 42 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"82487_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.45","volume":"1","author":"BK Wiederhold","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wiederhold, B. K. & Wiederhold, M. D. A review of virtual reality as a psychotherapeutic tool. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 1, 45\u201352 (1998).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1162\/105474602760204327","volume":"11","author":"M Slater","year":"2002","unstructured":"Slater, M. Presence and the sixth sense. Pres. Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 11, 435\u2013439 (2002).","journal-title":"Pres. Teleoper. Virt. Environ."},{"key":"82487_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.05.006","volume":"65","author":"JL Higuera-Trujillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., L\u00f3pez-Tarruella Maldonado, J. & Llinares Mill\u00e1n, C. Psychological and physiological human responses to simulated and real environments: A comparison between Photographs, 360\u00b0 Panoramas, and Virtual Reality. Appl. Ergon. 65, 398\u2013409 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"82487_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9993","volume":"10","author":"G Riva","year":"2007","unstructured":"Riva, G. et al. Affective interactions using virtual reality: The link between presence and emotions. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 10, 45\u201356 (2007).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409","volume":"13","author":"T Segawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segawa, T. et al. Virtual reality (VR) in assessment and treatment of addictive disorders: A systematic review. Front. Neurosci. 13, 1409 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"82487_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00844","volume":"8","author":"A Hone-Blanchet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hone-Blanchet, A., Wensing, T. & Fecteau, S. The use of virtual reality in craving assessment and cue-exposure therapy in substance use disorders. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, 844 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"82487_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.12.010","volume":"33","author":"PS Bordnick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bordnick, P. S. et al. Assessing reactivity to virtual reality alcohol based cues. Addict. Behav. 33, 743\u2013756 (2008).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.487","volume":"8","author":"PS Bordnick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bordnick, P. S., Graap, K. M., Copp, H. L., Brooks, J. & Ferrer, M. Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 8, 487\u2013492 (2005).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10399903","volume":"41","author":"PS Bordnick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bordnick, P. S. et al. Reactivity to cannabis cues in virtual reality environments. J. Psychoact. Drugs 41, 105\u2013112 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"82487_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.01.004","volume":"31","author":"ME Saladin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Graap, K. & Rothbaum, B. O. A preliminary report on the use of virtual reality technology to elicit craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent individuals. Addict. Behav. 31, 1881\u20131894 (2006).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.06.014","volume":"36","author":"AC Traylor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Traylor, A. C., Parrish, D. E., Copp, H. L. & Bordnick, P. S. Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinkers. Addict. Behav. 36, 1068\u20131075 (2011).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.4103\/crst.crst_192_21","volume":"4","author":"Sc Sandra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandra, Sc., Anusha, R. & Madankumar, P. Application of augmented and virtual reality in cigarette smoking cessation: A systematic review. Cancer Res. Stat. Treat. 4, 684 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Stat. Treat."},{"key":"82487_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu104","volume":"16","author":"I Pericot-Valverde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pericot-Valverde, I., Secades-Villa, R., Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, J. & Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, O. Effects of systematic cue exposure through virtual reality on cigarette craving. Nicotine Tob. Res. 16, 1470\u20131477 (2014).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"82487_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24307","DOI":"10.2196\/24307","volume":"23","author":"M Keijsers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keijsers, M., Vega-Corredor, M. C., Msc, D., Tomintz, M. & Hoermann, S. Virtual reality technology use in cigarette craving and smoking interventions (i \u2018virtually\u2019 quit): Systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 23, e24307 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"82487_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0070","volume":"12","author":"AC Traylor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Traylor, A. C., Bordnick, P. S. & Carter, B. L. Using virtual reality to assess young adult smokers\u2019 attention to cues. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 12, 373\u2013378 (2009).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.01.029","volume":"36","author":"MM Paris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paris, M. M. et al. Cue reactivity in virtual reality: The role of context. Addict. Behav. 36, 696\u2013699 (2011).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.010","volume":"95","author":"BL Carter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carter, B. L., Bordnick, P., Traylor, A., Day, S. X. & Paris, M. Location and longing: The nicotine craving experience in virtual reality. Drug Alcohol Depend. 95, 73\u201380 (2008).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"82487_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bordnick, P. S., Yoon, J. H., Kaganoff, E. & Carter, B. Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment: a comparison of treatment- vs. nontreatment-seeking smokers. 23, 419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731513482377 (2013).","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731513482377"},{"key":"82487_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05733-3","volume":"238","author":"S Tamburin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamburin, S. et al. Smoking-related cue reactivity in a virtual reality setting: association between craving and EEG measures. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 238, 1363\u20131371 (2021).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"82487_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv216","volume":"18","author":"I Pericot-Valverde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pericot-Valverde, I., Germeroth, L. J. & Tiffany, S. T. The use of virtual reality in the production of cue-specific craving for cigarettes: A meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob. Res. 18, 538\u2013546 (2016).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"82487_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322011560","volume":"6","author":"JH Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. et al. Experimental application of virtual reality for nicotine craving through cue exposure. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 6, 275\u2013280 (2003).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-6377-z","volume":"30","author":"JH Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., Lim, Y., Wiederhold, B. K. & Graham, S. J. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of cue-induced smoking craving in virtual environments. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 30, 195\u2013204 (2005).","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"82487_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa147","volume":"23","author":"JM Betts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Betts, J. M., Dowd, A. N., Forney, M., Hetelekides, E. & Tiffany, S. T. A meta-analysis of cue reactivity in tobacco cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 23, 249\u2013258 (2021).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tobacco Res."},{"key":"82487_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02550.x","volume":"104","author":"KA Perkins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perkins, K. A. Does smoking cue-induced craving tell us anything important about nicotine dependence?. Addiction 104, 1610\u20131616 (2009).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.673","volume":"155","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shiffman, S. et al. Does laboratory cue reactivity correlate with real-world craving and smoking responses to cues?. Drug Alcohol Depend. 155, 163\u2013169 (2015).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"82487_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/03069880902957056","volume":"37","author":"G Riva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Riva, G. Virtual reality: An experiential tool for clinical psychology. Br. J. Guid. Couns. 37, 337\u2013345 (2009).","journal-title":"Br. J. Guid. Couns."},{"key":"82487_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.03.026","volume":"78","author":"M Field","year":"2004","unstructured":"Field, M. & Duka, T. Cue reactivity in smokers: The effects of perceived cigarette availability and gender. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 78, 647\u2013652 (2004).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"82487_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.2.155","volume":"8","author":"JS Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi, J. S. et al. The effect of repeated virtual nicotine cue exposure therapy on the psychophysiological responses: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Investig. 8, 155 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"82487_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802412929","volume":"10","author":"J Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Gender effects on mood and cigarette craving during early abstinence and resumption of smoking. Nicotine Tob. Res. 10, 1653\u20131661 (2008).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"82487_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00232.x","volume":"21","author":"ME Saladin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saladin, M. E. et al. Gender differences in craving and cue reactivity to smoking and negative affect\/stress cues. Am. J. Addict. 21, 210\u2013220 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"82487_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz071","volume":"22","author":"JL Karelitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karelitz, J. L. Differences in magnitude of cue reactivity across durations of smoking history: A meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob. Res. 22, 1267\u20131276 (2020).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"82487_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120913131","volume":"34","author":"Z Bollen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bollen, Z., Masson, N., Salvaggio, S., D\u2019Hondt, F. & Maurage, P. Craving is everything: An eye-tracking exploration of attentional bias in binge drinking. J. Psychopharmacol. 34, 636\u2013647 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"82487_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.22.4.378","volume":"22","author":"AJ Waters","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waters, A. J. et al. Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation. Heal. Psychol. 22, 378\u2013387 (2003).","journal-title":"Heal. Psychol."},{"key":"82487_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108381","volume":"172","author":"B Schr\u00f6der","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, B. & M\u00fchlberger, A. Assessing the attentional bias of smokers in a virtual reality anti-saccade task using eye tracking. Biol. Psychol. 172, 108381 (2022).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"82487_CR56","first-page":"57","volume":"5","author":"CS Culbertson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Culbertson, C. S., Shulenberger, S., De La Garza, R., Newton, T. F. & Brody, A. L. Virtual reality cue exposure therapy for the treatment of tobacco dependence. J. Cyber Ther. Rehabil. 5, 57\u201364 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cyber Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"82487_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17571","volume":"22","author":"E Goldenhersch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldenhersch, E. et al. Virtual reality smartphone-based intervention for smoking cessation: Pilot randomized controlled trial on initial clinical efficacy and adherence. J. Med. Internet Res. 22, e17571 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"82487_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2019.1664364","volume":"37","author":"P Caponnetto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caponnetto, P., Maglia, M., Lombardo, D., Demma, S. & Polosa, R. The role of virtual reality intervention on young adult smokers\u2019 motivation to quit smoking: A feasibility and pilot study. J. Addict. Dis. 37, 217\u2013226 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"82487_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.003","volume":"96","author":"I Pericot-Valverde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pericot-Valverde, I., Secades-Villa, R. & Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, J. A randomized clinical trial of cue exposure treatment through virtual reality for smoking cessation. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 96, 26\u201332 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"82487_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00014.x","volume":"97","author":"CA Conklin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Conklin, C. A. & Tiffany, S. T. Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction 97, 155\u2013167 (2002).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"82487_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betts, J. M., Dowd, A. N., Forney, M., Hetelekides, E., Tiffany, S. T. A meta-analysis of cue reactivity in tobacco cigarette smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 23(2), 249\u2013258, (2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa147"},{"key":"82487_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.102.3.687-694","volume":"102","author":"AK Ferketich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferketich, A. K., Fossati, R. & Apolone, G. An evaluation of the Italian version of the Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence. Psychol. Rep. 102, 687\u2013694 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"82487_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq159","volume":"12","author":"MA Sayette","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sayette, M. A., Griffin, K. M. & Sayers, W. M. Counterbalancing in smoking cue research: A critical analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 12, 1068\u20131079 (2010).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tobacco Res."},{"key":"82487_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203848852","author":"JJ Hox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hox, J. J. & Roberts, J. K. Handbook of advanced multilevel analysis. Handb. Adv. Multilevel Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203848852 (2011).","journal-title":"Handb. Adv. Multilevel Anal."},{"key":"82487_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0876-8","volume":"20","author":"MJ Monsalves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monsalves, M. J., Bangdiwala, A. S., Thabane, A. & Bangdiwala, S. I. LEVEL (logical explanations & visualizations of estimates in linear mixed models): Recommendations for reporting multilevel data and analyses. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 20, 1\u20139 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"82487_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.04.028","volume":"190","author":"M Benedek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benedek, M. & Kaernbach, C. A continuous measure of phasic electrodermal activity. J. Neurosci. Methods 190, 80\u201391 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82487-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82487-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82487-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T11:46:08Z","timestamp":1739879168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-82487-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["82487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82487-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5944"}}