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However, they suffer from significant volume changes resulting in poor performance of such anodes. In this work incorporation of SnS<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> into the carbon structure was expected to overcome these disadvantages. Two SnS-based electrode materials encapsulated into chitosan, as a natural carbon source, are fabricated by two different synthesis routes: (a) solvothermal, and (b) solvothermal followed by pyrolysis. The results indicate that the synthesis route is a crucial factor affecting the composition and electrochemical performance of the negative electrode. The electrode material, exhibiting a high reversible capacity (304\u00a0mAh\/g at 50\u00a0mA\/g), and good rate capability (128\u00a0mAh\/g at 1000\u00a0mA\/g for 500 cycles) is produced by the solvothermal method. The relationship between specific capacity and synthesis procedure is analyzed using the results obtained from XRD, XPS. Additionally, density functional theory is employed to provide deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the electrochemical performance of the SnS<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>@C electrode materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82588-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T04:49:14Z","timestamp":1735361354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Experimental and computational analysis of SnSx encapsulated into carbonized chitosan as electrode material for potassium ion batteries"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrzej P.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rokici\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Prze\u015bniak-Welenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Zarach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehao","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Roda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Szkoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Trzci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Ku\u015btrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"82588_CR1","unstructured":"IEA. 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