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Among birds, penguins (\n                    <jats:italic>Sphenisciformes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) have the most extreme morphological, physiological, and behavioural adaptations to their amphibious lifestyle. Their auditory perception of sound, potentially matching different impedances in air and under water, is largely unknown particularly in terms of whether their underwater adaptations may have affected their in-air hearing capacity. In this context, we investigated the hearing ability of four captive Humboldt penguins (\n                    <jats:italic>Spheniscus humboldti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in air using psychophysical hearing tests. The 50% hit rate was found to be below 76\u00a0dB rms re 20 \u00b5Pa between 0.250\u00a0kHz and 10\u00a0kHz, with most sensitive hearing at 2\u00a0kHz (mean threshold of 15.3\u00a0dB rms re 20 \u00b5Pa). The four penguins showed large inter-individual variation in sensitivity at a given frequency but within a common audiogram shape. Despite the variability, penguins detected 0.250\u00a0kHz at comparably low sound levels (mean\u2009=\u200936.8\u00a0dB rms re 20 \u00b5Pa) after a rapid decline of sensitivity at 0.500\u00a0kHz (mean\u2009=\u200964.1\u00a0dB rms re 20 \u00b5Pa). This finding was unexpected, and it is therefore difficult to interpret whether it is an artefact of the methods or a biologically relevant finding. An extensive discussion is presented and suggests that this finding may be biologically relevant but would need further investigation to reveal the underlying mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82942-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T07:21:37Z","timestamp":1734938497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biological relevance and methodological implications of unexpected hearing thresholds in a diving bird"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"R\u00f6\u00dfler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"D\u00e4hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"82942_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7","volume-title":"The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing","author":"DB Webster","year":"1992","unstructured":"Webster, D. 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