{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:18:15Z","timestamp":1779142695058,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Over the past decade, Mass Administration of Medicines (MAM) has been a key strategy for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) in Anambra State, Nigeria. This longitudinal study, conducted from 2017 to 2019, evaluated the impact of interventions for controlling schistosomiasis (SCH) and STHs in recipient communities. A total of 1,046 pupils aged 5 to 16 years were enrolled, with Kato-Katz and urine filtration methods used for faecal and urine sample analysis. A structured questionnaire was administered to 243 people to assess the contextual factors. At baseline, prevalence was 8% (82\/1046), with\n                    <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    (7.0%),\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.0%), Hookworm (0.1%), and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0.5%) observed. Co-infection was 1%. At follow-up, prevalence decreased to 6% (65\/1046), with\n                    <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2.0%),\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2.2%), and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2%) observed, and co-infection was 0.2%. Infection levels varied by location (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05), with socio-economic status and inadequate WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) infrastructure contributing to transmission risk. Most respondents (87%) earned less than $50 per month, and 39% practiced open defecation. The persistence of open defecation highlights critical gaps in WASH that undermine sustainable Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) control. Addressing cultural and economic challenges, alongside improving WASH infrastructure, is essential to sustain MAM\u2019s impact.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83063-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1738159533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Factors contributing to helminth prevalence after repeated mass administration of medicines in Anambra State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ogechukwu B.","family":"Aribodor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Okaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sammy","family":"Sam-Wobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Bikoumou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Obikwelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"83063_CR1","volume-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Nigeria Multi \u2013 Year Master Plan, 2015\u20132020","author":"Federal Ministry of Health","year":"2015","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. 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Permission for access to the schools in order to carry out the study was obtained from the Anambra State\u2019s Commissioner of Basic Education with approval letter number MOE\/SCHD\/1673\/Vol.1\/17, Universal Basic Education Board (ASUBEB) and Educational Secretary in charge of primary schools in the study area. Parents, guardians, teachers and other key stakeholders including traditional ruler and town union leaders were sensitized during advocacy visits to the community selected for the study. Informed consent (written and verbal) was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s). To ensure the willingness of pupils to participate, assent was obtained from them at every step by providing age-appropriate information, and addressing questions and concerns, all while maintaining open communication throughout the study. There was an emphasis that participation was voluntary and participants are free to withdraw from the study at any time without further obligations. Permission to take photographs was sought and obtained from the participants and parents. Written consent was obtained, explicitly acknowledging that the images might be utilized to illustrate risk factors in scientific publications. All infected pupils included in the study underwent treatment with Praziquantel and Albendazole.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors of this manuscript have given their approval for its publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"3721"}}