{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:14:01Z","timestamp":1789575241442,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004168","name":"Universit\u00e4t zu L\u00fcbeck","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>During the omicron wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines becoming available, seroprevalence rates rose in children and adolescents. This study investigated the impact of both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccinations on the incidence of acute and prolonged symptoms in real-world conditions during the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase. Participants from a pediatric population based seroprevalence study (CorKID study)\u00a0were followed up at least two and for almost four years by survey of health status features and symptoms suggestive of post-COVID syndrome (PCS). In a subgroup (n\u2009=\u2009259) SARS-CoV-2 antibody serology was further investigated. 789 participants of the original CorKID study cohort (n\u2009=\u20092.121; 37.2%) were included. 67.9% reported at least one SARS-CoV2 infection. 46.6% had received one or more SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. In the vast majority of serologically tested participants antibodies again SARS-CoV-2 spike (98.9%) or nucleocapsid (93.3%) antigen were detected following infection and\/or vaccination. At least 30% experienced one unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 infection. The overall health status was comparable between children, irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 infections and similar to pre-pandemic assessment. However, a subset of young adolescents exhibited a decline in physical performance compared to pre-pandemic conditions. After infection, PCS-like symptoms persisted in 7% of the respondents for more than three months and up to four years. SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated participants (47%) reported 12% less acute flu-like infections other than SARS-CoV-2. Nearly all participants developed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in this longitudinal study through either vaccination or infection during the Omicron wave. About 7% of participants suffered from PCS symptoms, predominately fatigue and exhaustion. Furthermore, participants who received vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 reported a lower frequency of acute infections during follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84140-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T07:27:05Z","timestamp":1737617225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in a population-based pediatric cohort"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jakob","family":"H\u00f6ppner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schlegtendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Petersmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"L\u00fccke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Toepfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folke","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"37","key":"84140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.37.2101028","volume":"27","author":"F Brinkmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinkmann, F. et al. Seroconversion rate and socio-economic and ethnic risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in a population-based cohort, Germany, June 2020 to February 2021. Eurosurveillance. 27(37), 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.37.2101028 (2022).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"issue":"4","key":"84140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/idr13040088","volume":"13","author":"F Brinkmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brinkmann, F. et al. Longitudinal rise in seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children in western Germany\u2014A blind spot in epidemiology?. Infect Dis Rep. 13(4), 957\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr13040088 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"84140_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00022-0","volume":"6","author":"T Stephenson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stephenson, T. et al. Physical and mental health 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection (long COVID) among adolescents in England (CLoCk): A national matched cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 6(4), 230\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00022-0 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"key":"84140_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n136","author":"W Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah, W., Hillman, T., Playford, E. D. & Hishmeh, L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. bmj. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n136 (2021).","journal-title":"bmj."},{"key":"84140_CR5","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Royal College of General Practitioners, Healthcare Improvement Scotland SIGN. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long term effects of COVID-19. 2020. Accessed May 14, (2024). https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188"},{"key":"84140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435734","volume":"2","author":"Group Whoq","year":"1993","unstructured":"Group Whoq. Study protocol for the World Health Organization project to develop a Quality of Life assessment instrument (WHOQOL). Qual. Life Res. 2, 153\u2013159 (1993).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"84140_CR7","unstructured":"RKI\u2014Navigation\u2014\u00dcbersicht zu Omikron-F\u00e4llen in Deutschland. Accessed February 26, 2024. https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Situationsberichte\/Omikron-Faelle\/Omikron-Faelle.html"},{"issue":"46","key":"84140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0307","volume":"119","author":"JP Armann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armann, J. P. et al. SARS-CoV-2 immunity gap among schoolchildren and teachers in the summer of 2022. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 119(46), 800\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0307 (2022).","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int."},{"key":"84140_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02071-2","author":"B Lange","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lange, B. et al. Estimates of protection levels against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 in Germany before the 2022\/2023 winter season: the IMMUNEBRIDGE project. Infection. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-023-02071-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Infection."},{"issue":"45","key":"84140_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0355","volume":"119","author":"R Ott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ott, R. et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in preschool and school-age children. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 119(45), 765\u2013770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0355 (2022).","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int."},{"key":"84140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n616","author":"A Ulyte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ulyte, A. et al. Clustering and longitudinal change in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in school children in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland: Prospective cohort study of 55 schools. The BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n616 (2021).","journal-title":"The BMJ."},{"issue":"6568","key":"84140_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj2042","volume":"374","author":"SN Ladhani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ladhani, S. N. Children and COVID-19 in schools. Science 374(6568), 680\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abj2042 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"84140_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100547","volume":"24","author":"ME Zaballa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaballa, M. E. et al. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and cross-variant neutralization capacity after the Omicron BA.2 wave in Geneva, Switzerland: A population-based study. Lancet Reg. Health Europe. 24, 100547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100547 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Europe."},{"issue":"3","key":"84140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.12.012","volume":"86","author":"C Oeser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oeser, C. et al. Following the Omicron wave, the majority of children in England have evidence of previous COVID infection. J. Infect. 86(3), 256\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.12.012 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"84140_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100405","volume":"18","author":"A Bahl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bahl, A., Mielke, N., Johnson, S., Desai, A. & Qu, L. Severe COVID-19 outcomes in pediatrics: An observational cohort analysis comparing Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 18, 100405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100405 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"issue":"0123456789","key":"84140_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02052-5","volume":"51","author":"G Engels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Engels, G. et al. SARS-CoV-2 sero-immunity and quality of life in children and adolescents in relation to infections and vaccinations: the IMMUNEBRIDGE KIDS cross-sectional study, 2022. Infection. 51(0123456789), 1531\u20131539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-023-02052-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Infection."},{"key":"84140_CR17","unstructured":"RKI\u2014Impfen\u2014Impfung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Stand: 11.1.2024). Accessed February 26, (2024). https:\/\/www.rki.de\/SharedDocs\/FAQ\/COVID-Impfen\/FAQ_Liste_Impfung_Kinder_Jugendliche.html"},{"key":"84140_CR18","unstructured":"COVID-19 Impfdashboard. Accessed February 26, 2024. https:\/\/impfdashboard.de\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"84140_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1685","volume":"175","author":"D Saatci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saatci, D. et al. Association between race and COVID-19 outcomes among 2.6 million children in England. JAMA Pediatr. 175(9), 928\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1685 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"84140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10121890","author":"T Rothoeft","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rothoeft, T. et al. Motivations for adolescent COVID-19 vaccination: A comparative study of adolescent and caregiver perspectives in Germany. Children. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10121890 (2023).","journal-title":"Children."},{"issue":"9","key":"84140_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00066-4","volume":"22","author":"AF Crawshaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crawshaw, A. F. et al. Defining the determinants of vaccine uptake and undervaccination in migrant populations in Europe to improve routine and COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 22(9), e254\u2013e266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00066-4 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"84140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13495-5","volume":"12","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon, S. et al. Long-COVID in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13495-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"84140_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00004-9","volume":"6","author":"S Kikkenborg Berg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kikkenborg Berg, S. et al. Long COVID symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive adolescents and matched controls (LongCOVIDKidsDK): A national, cross-sectional study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 6(4), 240\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00004-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"March","key":"84140_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2022.1604501","volume":"43","author":"V Nittas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nittas, V. et al. Long COVID through a public health lens: An umbrella review. Public Health Rev. 43(March), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/phrs.2022.1604501 (2022).","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"issue":"3March","key":"84140_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277704","volume":"18","author":"T Stephenson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stephenson, T. et al. Long COVID\u2014six months of prospective follow-up of changes in symptom profiles of non-hospitalised children and young people after SARS-CoV-2 testing: A national matched cohort study (the CLoCk) study. PLoS ONE. 18(3March), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0277704 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"6","key":"84140_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1483727","volume":"17","author":"P Zimmermann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zimmermann, P. & Curtis, N. The influence of BCG on vaccine responses\u2014A systematic review. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 17(6), 547\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2018.1483727 (2018).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines."},{"issue":"3","key":"84140_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01739-z","volume":"25","author":"KA Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran, K. A. et al. BCG immunization induces CX3CR1(hi) effector memory T cells to provide cross-protection via IFN-\u03b3-mediated trained immunity. Nat. Immunol. 25(3), 418\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-023-01739-z (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"84140_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01726-5","volume":"31","author":"U Ravens-Sieberer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ravens-Sieberer, U. et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31(6), 879\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-021-01726-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"84140_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06166-y","volume":"12","author":"J Blankenburg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blankenburg, J. et al. Comparison of mental health outcomes in seropositive and seronegative adolescents during the COVID19 pandemic. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-06166-y (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84140-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84140-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84140-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T19:15:17Z","timestamp":1737659717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84140-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["84140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84140-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"German Registry for Clinical Trials Identifier Bochum: DRKS00022434 (registration:07.08.2020), Dresden: DRKS 00022455 (registration: 23.07.2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Trial registration"}}],"article-number":"2921"}}