{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:44:21Z","timestamp":1768988661115,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kafr El Shiekh University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was performed to reveal the metabolic effects and molecular mechanisms that govern the dietary incorporation of clenbuterol on growth performance, haemato-biochemical changes, histological alteration, and gene expression regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in normal and high-fat diets fed in Nile tilapia (<jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>). Six experimental diets were formulated, incorporating different concentrations of clenbuterol. The 1st three groups were supplemented with a diet comprising 6% fat, with clenbuterol of 0, 5, and 10\u00a0g\/kg diet was designated as F6 clenb0, F6clenb5, and F6clenb10, respectively. The other treatment groups were fed a diet of 12% fat, with clenbuterol 0, 5, and 10\u00a0g\/kg diet, respectively termed F12 clenb0, F12 clenb5, and F12 clenb10. The results revealed that compared to the control group, HFD exhibited a marked reduction in FBW, BWG, PER, and body protein percent but significantly increased the FCR, IPF, liver fat percent, and body ash percent with altered hematological parameters, raised serum biomarkers of hepatic and renal injury. HFD signally raised mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and declined <jats:italic>nrf2<\/jats:italic> and antioxidative function-related genes. Also increased mRNA expression of lipogenic genes as FAS and SREBP-1c and gluconeogenic genes as <jats:italic>pepck<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>g6pc<\/jats:italic> while downregulated, <jats:italic>ppar\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cpt1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>acox1<\/jats:italic>. Nevertheless, clenbuterol supplementation significantly reversed the aforementioned findings induced by HFD. Clenbuterol inclusion significantly improves growth performance and antioxidant defenses by modulating <jats:italic>nrf2<\/jats:italic> signaling and reducing inflammatory response, reduces fatty acid synthesis, and enhances mitochondrial \u03b2-oxidation not only functioning as a lipid regulator and effectively alleviating fat accumulation in the liver but playing an essential role in the control of glucose metabolism by reducing hepatic glucose production in high-fat diet-fed Nile tilapias well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84814-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T09:47:52Z","timestamp":1736502472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing clenbuterol\u2019s modulation of metabolic and inflammatory pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromas niloticous) fed high fat diet"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aya G.","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doaa H.","family":"Assar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdallah S.","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muyassar H.","family":"Abualreesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimaa M. R.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norah","family":"Althobaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zizy I.","family":"Elbialy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"84814_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.10.013","volume":"434","author":"X Yi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yi, X. et al. Effects of dietary lipid content on growth, body composition, and pigmentation of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Aquaculture 434, 355\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.10.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.08.028","volume":"451","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liang, X., Zhang, Y. & Gao, J. Effects of different dietary soybean oil levels on growth, lipid deposition, tissues fatty acid composition, and hepatic lipid metabolism related gene expressions in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juvenile. Aquaculture 451, 16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.08.028 (2016).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2007.00507.x","volume":"14","author":"ZP Du","year":"2008","unstructured":"Du, Z. P. et al. Utilization of different dietary lipid sources at high level in herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Mechanism related to hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Aquac. Nutr. 14, 77\u201392 (2008).","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"84814_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-010-9342-7","volume":"19","author":"JH Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu, J. H., Qin, J., Yan, B.-L., Zhu, M. & Luo, G. Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance, feed utilization, and fatty acid composition of juvenile Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) reared in seawater. Aquac. Int. 19, 79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-010-9342-7 (2011).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"84814_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734394","volume":"513","author":"Y Meng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meng, Y. et al. Effects of dietary lipid levels on sub-adult triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): 1. Growth performance, digestive ability, health status, and expression of growth-related genes. Aquaculture 513, 394\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734394 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.10.084","volume":"84","author":"R Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia, R. et al. Antioxidative, inflammatory, and immune responses in hydrogen peroxide-induced liver injury of tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 84, 894\u2013905 (2019).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR7","first-page":"213","volume":"1864","author":"X-F Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao, X.-F. et al. High-fat diet induces aberrant hepatic lipid secretion in blunt snout bream by activating endoplasmic-reticulum stress-associated IRE1\/XBP1 pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1864, 213\u2013223 (2019).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"84814_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.01.063","volume":"504","author":"M Jin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jin, M. et al. Effects of supplemental dietary L-carnitine and bile acids on growth performance, antioxidant and immune ability, histopathological changes, and inflammatory response in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) fed high-fat diet. Aquaculture 504, 199\u2013209 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"84814_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0513","volume":"234","author":"CE Geisler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geisler, C. E. & Renquist, B. J. Hepatic lipid accumulation: Cause and consequence of dysregulated glucoregulatory hormones. J. Endocrinol. 234(1), R1\u2013R21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-16-0513 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"84814_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215593","volume":"109","author":"JD Horton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horton, J. D., Goldstein, J. L. & Brown, M. S. SREBPs: Activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J. Clin. Investig. 109(9), 1125\u20131131 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"84814_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06806.x","volume":"276","author":"H Shimano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shimano, H. SREBPs: Physiology and pathophysiology of the SREBP family. FEBS J. 276, 616\u2013621 (2009).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"3","key":"84814_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.008","volume":"56","author":"J Mons\u00e9n\u00e9go","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mons\u00e9n\u00e9go, J. et al. Enhancing liver mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capacity in obese mice improves insulin sensitivity independently of hepatic steatosis. J. Hepatol. 56(3), 632\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.008 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"84814_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28235","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.256008","volume":"286","author":"PJ McFie","year":"2011","unstructured":"McFie, P. J., Banman, S. L., Kary, S. & Stone, S. J. Murine diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2) can catalyze triacylglycerol synthesis and promote lipid droplet formation independent of its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 28235\u201328246 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"84814_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10909","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.530022","volume":"289","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 is a tetrameric enzyme that selectively heterodimerizes with diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 10909\u201310918 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"84814_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70133-7","volume":"30","author":"C Postic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Postic, C., Dentin, R. & Girard, J. Role of the liver in the control of carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis. Diabetes & Metabolism 30, 398\u2013408 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetes & Metabolism"},{"key":"84814_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.7.1942","volume":"54","author":"R Basu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Basu, R., Chandramouli, V., Dicke, B., Landau, B. & Rizza, R. Obesity and type 2 diabetes impair insulin-induced suppression of glycogenolysis as well as gluconeogenesis. Diabetes 54, 1942\u20131948 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"84814_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.10.015","volume":"107","author":"MF Abdelghany","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelghany, M. F. et al. Effects of dietary Nannochloropsis oculata on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune responses, and resistance against Aeromonas veronii challenge in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 107, 277\u2013288 (2020).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i2.204","volume":"7","author":"T Eslamparast","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eslamparast, T., Eghtesad, S., Poustchi, H. & Hekmatdoost, A. Recent advances in dietary supplementation in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Hepatol. 7, 204\u2013212 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"84814_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2019.34","volume":"8","author":"M Jin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jin, M. et al. Dietary choline supplementation attenuated high-fat diet-induced inflammation through regulation of lipid metabolism and suppression of NF\u03baB activation in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). J. Nutr. Sci. 8, e38 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"84814_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12524","volume":"27","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson, B. J., Smith, S. B. & Chung, K. Y. Historical overview of the effect of \u03b2-adrenergic agonists on beef cattle production. Asian Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 27, 757\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/ajas.2012.12524 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian Austral. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"84814_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20684","volume":"35","author":"JG Burniston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burniston, J. G., McLean, L., Beynon, R. J. & Goldspink, D. F. Anabolic effects of a non-myotoxic dose of the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol on rat plantaris muscle. Muscle Nerve 35, 217\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20684 (2007).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"84814_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(88)90234-4","volume":"89","author":"PJ Reeds","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reeds, P. J., Hay, S. M., Dorward, P. M. & Palmer, R. M. The effect of \u03b2-agonists and antagonists on muscle growth and body composition of young rats (Rattus sp.). Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Compar. Pharmacol. 89(2), 337\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0742-8413(88)90234-4 (1988).","journal-title":"Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Compar. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"84814_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2008.01.013","volume":"27","author":"G Kamalakkannan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamalakkannan, G. et al. Clenbuterol increases lean muscle mass but not endurance in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Heart Lung Transpl. 27(4), 457\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2008.01.013 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transpl."},{"issue":"20","key":"84814_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.175489","volume":"587","author":"S Schenk","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schenk, S., Harber, M. P., Shrivastava, C. R., Burant, C. F. & Horowitz, J. F. Improved insulin sensitivity after weight loss and exercise training is mediated by a reduction in plasma fatty acid mobilization, not enhanced oxidative capacity. J. Physiol. 587(20), 4949\u20134961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.175489 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"84814_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00049","volume":"7","author":"GE Lombardo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lombardo, G. E. et al. Normocaloric diet restores weight gain and insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Front. Endocrinol. 7, 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2016.00049 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"84814_CR26","unstructured":"- Rakocy, J. E. Cultured aquatic species information programme: Oreochromis niloticus. Cultured aquatic species information programme; FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Rome, Italy. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/culturedspecies\/Oreochromis_niloticus\/en (2005)"},{"key":"84814_CR27","unstructured":"- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"84814_CR28","volume-title":"Fish Medicine","author":"MK Stoskopf","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stoskopf, M. K. Fish Medicine (W.B. Saunders, 1993)."},{"key":"84814_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedwald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedwald, W. T., Levy, R. I. & Fredrickson, D. S. Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18, 499\u2013502 (1972).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"84814_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01175-8","volume":"32","author":"ZI Elbialy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elbialy, Z. I. et al. Differential tissue regulation of Nrf2\/Keap1 crosstalk in response to Aeromonas infection in Nile tilapia: A comparative study. Aquac. Int. 32, 545\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-023-01175-8 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"84814_CR31","first-page":"56","volume":"215","author":"R Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia, R. et al. Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress-induced liver damage in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part C 215, 56\u201366 (2019).","journal-title":"Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part C"},{"key":"84814_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.11.037","volume":"49","author":"BT Standen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Standen, B. T. et al. Dietary administration of a commercial mixed-species probiotic improves growth performance and modulates the intestinal immunity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 49, 427\u2013435 (2016).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-016-9995-y","volume":"24","author":"J Qiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qiang, J. et al. The changes in cortisol and expression of immune genes of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different rearing densities under Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquac. Int. 24, 1365\u20131378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-016-9995-y (2016).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"84814_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2019.100249","volume":"16","author":"LY Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, L. Y. et al. Inhibited carnitine synthesis impairs adaptation to high-fat diet in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquac. Rep. 16, 100249 (2020).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"84814_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072072","volume":"11","author":"ZI Elbialy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elbialy, Z. I. et al. Exploring the multimodal role of Yucca schidigera extract in protection against chronic ammonia exposure targeting: Growth, metabolic stress, and inflammatory responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Animals 11, 2072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11072072 (2021).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"4","key":"84814_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(\u2212\u0394\u0394CT) method. Methods 25(4), 402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"84814_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-019-00705-7","volume":"46","author":"Y-L Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, Y.-L. et al. High dietary lipid level alters the growth, hepatic metabolism enzyme, and anti-oxidative capacity in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 46, 125\u2013134 (2020).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"84814_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735864","volume":"531","author":"P Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, P. et al. Dietary supplementation of bile acid attenuate adverse effects of high-fat diet on growth performance, antioxidant ability, lipid accumulation, and intestinal health in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture 531, 735864 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00139.x","volume":"36","author":"LA Bright","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bright, L. A., Coyle, S. D. & Tidwell, J. H. Effect of dietary lipid level and protein energy ratio on growth and body composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). J. World Aquac. Soc. 36, 129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00139.x (2005).","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"84814_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.04.007","volume":"506","author":"J Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo, J. et al. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, lipid metabolism, and oxidative status of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture 506, 394\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.04.007 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103691","volume":"109","author":"M Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin, M. et al. Dietary fenofibrate attenuated high-fat-diet-induced lipid accumulation and inflammation response partly through regulation of ppar\u03b1 and sirt1 in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Dev. Compar. Immunol. 109, 103691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103691 (2020).","journal-title":"Dev. Compar. Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20684","volume":"25","author":"RT Hinkle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hinkle, R. T. et al. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and anti-atrophy effects of clenbuterol are mediated by the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor. Muscle Nerve 25, 729\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20684 (2002).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"84814_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-1","volume":"7","author":"DM Spurlock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spurlock, D. M., McDaneld, T. G. & McIntyre, L. M. Changes in skeletal muscle gene expression following clenbuterol administration. BMC Genom. 7, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-7-1 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"84814_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2002027","volume":"42","author":"Y Hamano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hamano, Y. Influence of lipoic acid on lipid metabolism and beta-adrenergic response to intravenous or oral administration of clenbuterol in broiler chickens. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 42, 307\u2013316 (2002).","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"84814_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669708418004","volume":"38","author":"C Rehfeldt","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rehfeldt, C., Schadereit, R., Weikard, R. & Reichel, K. Effect of clenbuterol on growth, carcass, and skeletal muscle characteristics in broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 38, 366\u2013373 (1997).","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"84814_CR46","first-page":"2461","volume":"80","author":"NW Shappell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shappell, N. W., Billey, L. O. & Feil, V. J. Effects of clenbuterol on body stores of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in rats. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 2461\u20132475 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"84814_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv038","volume":"39","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. Clenbuterol distribution and residues in goat tissues after the repeated administration of a growth-promoting dose. J. Anal. Toxicol. 39, 465\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkv038 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"84814_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90148-6","volume":"99","author":"F Perez-Lamas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perez-Lamas, F. & Zamora, S. Influence of dietary protein level on growth: Effect of clenbuterol. Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part A 99, 671\u2013675 (1991).","journal-title":"Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part A"},{"key":"84814_CR49","first-page":"242","volume":"99","author":"F Perez-Lamas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perez-Lamas, F. & Zamora, S. The influence of clenbuterol on growth in rats. Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part A 99, 242\u2013245 (1991).","journal-title":"Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part A"},{"key":"84814_CR50","volume":"2011","author":"GL Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang, G. L. et al. Randomized double-blinded and placebo-controlled trial of clenbuterol in denervated muscle atrophy. Int. Schol. Res. Netw. Pharm. 2011, 981254 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. Schol. Res. Netw. Pharm."},{"key":"84814_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.02.057","volume":"44","author":"DS Huckins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huckins, D. S. & Lemons, M. F. Myocardial ischemia associated with Clenbuterol abuse: Report of two cases. J. Emerg. Med. 44, 444\u2013449 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"84814_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27540-w","volume":"13","author":"J Meister","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meister, J. et al. Clenbuterol exerts antidiabetic activity through metabolic reprogramming of skeletal muscle cells. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-27540-w (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"84814_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1962.tb04199.x","volume":"9","author":"R Vrba","year":"1962","unstructured":"Vrba, R., Gaitonde, M. K. & Richter, D. The conversion of glucose carbon into protein in the brain and other organs of the rat. J. Neurochem. 9, 465\u2013475 (1962).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"84814_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1500405","volume":"150","author":"M David","year":"1975","unstructured":"David, M. & Avi-Dor, Y. Stimulation of protein synthesis in cultured heart muscle cells by glucose. Biochem. J. 150, 405\u2013411 (1975).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"84814_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061733","volume":"95","author":"ZY Du","year":"2006","unstructured":"Du, Z. Y. et al. Biochemical hepatic alterations and body lipid composition in the herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed high-fat diets. Br. J. Nutr. 95(5), 905\u2013915 (2006).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"84814_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093135","volume":"9","author":"KL Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, K. L. et al. Hepatic \u03b2-oxidation and regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed a high-fat diet. PLOS One 9, e93135 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"84814_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-014-9986-8","volume":"41","author":"X Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Effects of lipid-lowering pharmaceutical clofibrate on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) fed with the high non-protein energy diets. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 41, 331\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-014-9986-8 (2015).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"84814_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13472","volume":"92","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Growth performance, fatty-acid composition, lipid deposition, and hepatic-lipid metabolism-related gene expression in juvenile pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) fed diets with different dietary soybean oil levels. J. Fish Biol. 92, 17\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfb.13472 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"84814_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.12.008","volume":"1811","author":"M Minghetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minghetti, M., Leaver, M. J. & Tocher, D. R. Transcriptional control mechanisms of genes of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) established cell line SHK-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1811, 194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.12.008 (2011).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"84814_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-014-9994-8","volume":"41","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, Y., Gao, J. & Huang, S. Effects of different dietary phospholipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition, PPAR gene expressions, and antioxidant responses of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fingerlings. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 41, 423\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-014-9994-8 (2015).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"84814_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12176","volume":"46","author":"XX Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, X. X., Li, Y. J., Hou, C. L., Gao, Y. & Wang, Y. Z. Physiological and molecular changes in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) with high-fat diet-induced fatty liver disease. Aquac. Res. 46, 272\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.12176 (2015).","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"84814_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-010-0024-8","volume":"66","author":"HK Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, H. K., Della-Fera, M. A., Hausman, D. B. & Baile, C. A. Effect of clenbuterol on apoptosis, adipogenesis, and lipolysis in adipocytes. J. Physiol. Biochem. 66, 197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13105-010-0024-8 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"84814_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.06.003","volume":"40","author":"KL Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu, K. L. et al. Hepatic triacylglycerol secretion, lipid transport, and tissue lipid uptake in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed high-fat diet. Aquaculture 40, 160\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.06.003 (2013).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"5","key":"84814_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00271-5","volume":"107","author":"G Marchesini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marchesini, G. et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am. J. Med. 107(5), 450\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00271-5 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"48","key":"84814_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608537103","volume":"103","author":"KF Petersen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Petersen, K. F. et al. Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103(48), 18273\u201318277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0608537103 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"84814_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.017","volume":"148","author":"VT Samuel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samuel, V. T. & Shulman, G. I. Mechanisms for insulin resistance: Common threads and missing links. Cell 148(5), 852\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.017 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"84814_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.33.12.1144","volume":"33","author":"K Scheidegger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Scheidegger, K., Robbins, D. C. & Danforth, E. Effects of chronic beta receptor stimulation on glucose metabolism. Diabetes 33(12), 1144\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.33.12.1144 (1984).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"22","key":"84814_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00154-X","volume":"64","author":"S Jacob","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jacob, S., Fogt, D., Dietze, G. & Henriksen, E. J. The \u03b2-adrenergic modulator celiprolol reduces insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. Life Sci. 64(22), 2071\u20132079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00154-X (1999).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"84814_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E554","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.4.e554","volume":"280","author":"SJ Pan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pan, S. J. et al. Effects of clenbuterol on insulin resistance in conscious obese Zucker rats. Am. J. Physiol. Metab. 280(4), E554\u2013E561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.280.4.e554 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"84814_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2006.02.003","volume":"147","author":"P Codo\u00f1er-Franch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Codo\u00f1er-Franch, P. & Tav\u00e1rez-Alonso, S. Murine models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Useful tools for the study of a multisystemic metabolic disease with complex pathophysiology. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 147(5), 277\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lab.2006.02.003 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"84814_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-151999","volume":"61","author":"LA Da Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Da Silva, L. A., Pinheiro, J. P. & Teixeira, M. M. The role of high-fat diets in blood rheology: What is the link with development of cardiovascular diseases?. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 61(3), 327\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CH-151999 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"issue":"5","key":"84814_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.11.006","volume":"58","author":"JJ DiNicolantonio","year":"2016","unstructured":"DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lucan, S. C. & O\u2019Keefe, J. H. The evidence for saturated fat and for sugar related to coronary heart disease. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis. 58(5), 464\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.11.006 (2016).","journal-title":"Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"84814_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.008","volume":"244","author":"DM Rocha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rocha, D. M., Caldas, A. P. S., Oliveira, L. L., Bressan, J. & Hermsdorff, H. H. M. Saturated fatty acids trigger TLR4-mediated inflammatory response. Atherosclerosis 244, 211\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"84814_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1159","volume":"40","author":"RP Da Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Da Silva, R. P., Kelly, K. B., Al Rajabi, A. & Jacobs, R. L. Novel insights on interactions between folate and lipid metabolism. BioFactors 40(3), 277\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biof.1159 (2014).","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"issue":"3","key":"84814_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0980339","volume":"98","author":"NDD Duncan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duncan, N. D. D., Williams, G. S. & Lynch, G. S. Deleterious effects of chronic Clenbuterol treatment on endurance and sprint exercise performance in rats. Clin. Sci. 98(3), 339\u2013347 (2000).","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"84814_CR76","unstructured":"- Abdulredha, W. S. Effect of Clenbuterol using as weight loose on liver enzymes and lipids profile. Iraq Med. J., 3(2). https:\/\/www.iraqmedj.org\/index.php\/imj\/article\/view\/641 (2019)"},{"key":"84814_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.05.023","volume":"55","author":"Q-Q Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Q.-Q. et al. Effects of berberine on the growth and immune performance in response to ammonia stress and high-fat dietary in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 55, 165\u2013172 (2016).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-019-00701-x","volume":"46","author":"Y-X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-X. et al. Inhibition of intestinal lipases alleviates the adverse effects caused by high-fat diet in Nile tilapia. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 46, 111\u2013123 (2020).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"84814_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100319","volume":"17","author":"RA Mohamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohamed, R. A. et al. Dietary clenbuterol modifies the expression of genes involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and growth in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquac. Rep. 17, 100319 (2020).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"84814_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.07.023","volume":"206","author":"D Ijiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ijiri, D., Ishitani, K., Shimamoto, S., Ishimaru, Y. & Ohtsuka, A. The effects of intraperitoneal clenbuterol injection on protein degradation and myostatin expression differ between the sartorius and pectoral muscles of neonatal chicks. General Compar. Endocrinol. 206, 111\u2013117 (2014).","journal-title":"General Compar. Endocrinol."},{"key":"84814_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10124","volume":"46","author":"VB Kraus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kraus, V. B., Huebner, J. L. & Fink, C. Urea as a passive transport marker for arthritis biomarker studies. Arthritis Rheumatol. 46, 420\u2013427 (2002).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"84814_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(13)60074-6","volume":"32","author":"D Bai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bai, D. & Song, J. Serum metabolic biomarkers for syndrome of phlegm and blood stasis in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. J. Trad. Chin. Med. 32, 578\u2013583 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Trad. Chin. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"84814_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00504-3","volume":"150","author":"AH Lichtenstein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lichtenstein, A. H. & Schwab, U. S. Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism. Atherosclerosis 150(2), 227\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00504-3 (2000).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"84814_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.004","volume":"206","author":"M Shahwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahwan, M., Alhumaydhi, F., Ashraf, G., Hasan, P. & Shamsi, A. Role of polyphenols in combating type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 206, 567\u2013579 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"6","key":"84814_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002577","volume":"8","author":"M K\u00f6nig","year":"2012","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, M., Bulik, S. & Holzh\u00fctter, H. G. Quantifying the contribution of the liver to glucose homeostasis: A detailed kinetic model of human hepatic glucose metabolism. PLoS Comput. Biol. 8(6), e1002577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002577 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"17","key":"84814_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1577\/H04-021.1","volume":"17","author":"AF Mensinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mensinger, A. F., Walsh, P. J. & Hanlon, R. T. Blood biochemistry of the oyster toadfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 17(17), 170\u2013176 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"84814_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.01.027","volume":"268","author":"A Takeuchi-Yorimoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takeuchi-Yorimoto, A. et al. Persistent fibrosis in the liver of choline-deficient and iron-supplemented l-amino acid-defined diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis rat due to continuing oxidative stress after choline supplementation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 268(3), 264\u2013277 (2013).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"84814_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00363","volume":"7","author":"R Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, R. et al. Effects of high-fat diet on steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 363 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"84814_CR89","first-page":"158711","volume":"1865","author":"R Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji, R. et al. Regulation of adiponectin on lipid metabolism in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1865, 158711 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"issue":"11","key":"84814_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6776","volume":"26","author":"S Spahis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spahis, S., Delvin, E., Borys, J. M. & Levy, E. Oxidative stress as a critical factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26(11), 519\u2013541 (2017).","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"84814_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-017-0405-9","volume":"43","author":"J-JY Adjoumani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adjoumani, J.-J.Y., Wang, K., Zhou, M., Liu, W. & Zhang, D. Effect of dietary betaine on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in blunt snout bream fed a high-fat diet. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 43, 1733\u20131745 (2017).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"84814_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","volume":"53","author":"Q Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma, Q. Role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 53, 401\u2013426 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"84814_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.05.020","volume":"228","author":"M Narasimhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Narasimhan, M. et al. Hydrogen peroxide responsive miR-153 targets Nrf2\/ARE cytoprotection in paraquat-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 228, 179\u2013191 (2014).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"84814_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/597134","volume":"2015","author":"SS Chambel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chambel, S. S., Santos-Goncalves, A. & Duarte, T. L. The dual role of Nrf2 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Regulation of antioxidant defenses and hepatic lipid metabolism. BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 597134 (2015).","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"84814_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.025","volume":"104","author":"R Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, R. et al. Effects of high-fat diet on antioxidative status, apoptosis, and inflammation in liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) via Nrf2TLRs and JNK pathways. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 104, 391\u2013401 (2020).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01422","volume":"9","author":"J Qiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qiang, J. et al. High fat diet-induced miR-122 regulates lipid metabolism and fat deposition in genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) liver. Front. Physiol. 9, 1422 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"84814_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12881","volume":"25","author":"F Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, F. et al. Effects of \u03b1-lipoic acid on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant profile, and lipid metabolism of the GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed high-fat diets. Aquac. Nutr. 25, 585\u2013596 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"84814_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02649","volume":"9","author":"Y Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan, Y. et al. Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases. Front. Immunol. 9, 2649 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"84814_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.03.120","volume":"34","author":"C Piazzon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piazzon, C., Forlenza, M. & Wiegertjes, G. Anti-inflammatory and modulatory activities of carp IL-10. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 34, 1672\u20131673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.03.120 (2013).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"84814_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.11.006","volume":"65","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polyzos, S. A., Kountouras, J. & Mantzoros, C. S. Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 65(8), 1062\u20131067 (2016).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"84814_CR101","first-page":"1","volume":"2016","author":"J Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu, J., Marsh, S., Hu, J., Feng, W. & Wu, C. The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and genetic background. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2016, 1\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"issue":"10","key":"84814_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.08.005","volume":"19","author":"H Tilg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tilg, H. & Moschen, A. R. Insulin resistance, inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 19(10), 371\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2008.08.005 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"84814_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.01.006","volume":"27","author":"L Catrysse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catrysse, L. & van Loo, G. Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: The tissue-specific functions of NF-kB. Trends Cell Biol. 27(6), 417\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.01.006 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"84814_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05171-y","volume":"63","author":"A Kalinovich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalinovich, A. et al. Treatment with a \u03b2-2-adrenoceptor agonist stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and improves glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in mice with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 63(8), 1603\u20131615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05171-y (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"84814_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(93)90271-Y","volume":"110","author":"JIC Dos Santos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dos Santos, J. I. C., Burkow, I. & Jobling, M. Patterns of growth and lipid deposition in cod (Gadus morhua L.) fed natural prey and fish-based feeds. Aquaculture 110, 173\u2013189 (1993).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-000-0570-6","volume":"35","author":"BE Torstensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Torstensen, B. E., Lie, \u00d8. & Fr\u00f8yland, L. Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)\u2014effects of capelin oil, palm oil, and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources. Lipids 35, 653\u2013664 (2000).","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"84814_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2004.00333.x","volume":"11","author":"ZY Du","year":"2005","unstructured":"Du, Z. Y. et al. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization, and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquac. Nutr. 11, 139\u2013146 (2005).","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"84814_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.04.038","volume":"249","author":"JT Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang, J. T. et al. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance, lipid deposition, and hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture 249, 439\u2013447 (2005).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"84814_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1003","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90377.2008","volume":"296","author":"KA Posey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Posey, K. A. et al. Hypothalamic proinflammatory lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296, E1003\u2013E1012 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84814-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84814-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84814-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T11:05:05Z","timestamp":1736507105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-84814-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["84814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84814-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of Kafrelsheikh University ethical committee (IAACUC-KSU-028-2022). All methods are reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines ().","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"1581"}}