{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1790935839288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Japan Association for Diabetes Education and Care","award":["2023-MED-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-MED-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To investigate the differences in gait characteristics between older patients with type 2 diabetes with and without sarcopenia, using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. This cross-sectional study included 38 patients with type 2 diabetes aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years and capable of independently performing activities of daily living. Participants\u2019 demographic data, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and ranges of motion of the pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle joints during a gait cycle were collected. The participants were classified into sarcopenic (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915) and non-sarcopenic (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200923) groups and compared. Significant reductions in walking speed, shorter stride lengths, longer stride time, stance and double support times, and decreased cadence were observed in participants with sarcopenia. In addition, participants with sarcopenia exhibited a significantly smaller range of motion for ankle joint plantar dorsiflexion. In patients with type 2 diabetes, gait characteristics differ depending on the presence or absence of sarcopenia. These findings may contribute to the development of new qualitative assessment methods to facilitate the timely detection of sarcopenia in this patient population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00205-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:04:35Z","timestamp":1748322275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatiotemporal and kinematic gait characteristics in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without sarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tomotaka","family":"Manabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wakako","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Inai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Kido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoma","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensaku","family":"Fukunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Saheki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Imachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Murao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"205_CR1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/idfawp\/resource-files\/2021\/07\/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"205_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13436","volume":"12","author":"H Mori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mori, H. et al. High prevalence and clinical impact of dynapenia and sarcopenia in Japanese patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: findings from the impact of diabetes mellitus on dynapenia study. J. Diabetes Investig. 12, 1050\u20131059 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"205_CR3","first-page":"63","volume":"104","author":"JE Morley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morley, J. E. Falls\u2013where do we stand? Mol. Med. 104, 63\u201367 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M230","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.5.M230","volume":"54","author":"DK Miller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miller, D. K., Lui, L. Y., Perry, H. M., Kaiser, F. E., Morley, J. E. & rd, & Reported and measured physical functioning in older inner-city diabetic African Americans. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 54, M230\u2013M236 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"205_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.11.1983","volume":"25","author":"C Wallace","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wallace, C. et al. Incidence of falls, risk factors for falls, and fall-related fractures in individuals with diabetes and a prior foot ulcer. Diabetes Care. 25, 1983\u20131986 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"205_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01819.x","volume":"9","author":"PR Cavanagh","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cavanagh, P. R., Derr, J. A., Ulbrecht, J. S., Maser, R. E. & Orchard, T. J. Problems with gait and posture in neuropathic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 9, 469\u2013474 (1992).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"205_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","volume":"21","author":"LK Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, L. K. et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21, 300\u2013307 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"205_CR8","first-page":"451","volume":"46","author":"L Larsson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Larsson, L., Grimby, G. & Karlsson, J. Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J. Appl. Physiol. Respir Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 46, 451\u2013456 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir Environ. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","volume":"39","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 39, 412\u2013423 (2010).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"205_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2310","volume":"33","author":"TN Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, T. N. et al. Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study (KSOS). Diabetes Care. 33, 1497\u20131499 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"205_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.5.555","volume":"44","author":"JA Houmard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Houmard, J. A. et al. Skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein concentration and aging in humans. Diabetes 44, 555\u2013560 (1995).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR12","first-page":"1905","volume":"10","author":"K Mori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mori, K. et al. Gait characteristics of dynapenia, sarcopenia, and presarcopenia in community-dwelling Japanese older women: A cross-sectional study. Healthc. (Basel). 10, 1905 (2022).","journal-title":"Healthc. (Basel)"},{"key":"205_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1807-7","volume":"18","author":"S Tanishima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tanishima, S. et al. Association between sarcopenia and low back pain in local residents prospective cohort study from the GAINA study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 18, 452 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"key":"205_CR14","unstructured":"van den Bogert, A. J. & de Koning, J. J. On optimal filtering for inverse dynamics analysis. In Proceedings of the IXth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Biomechanics 214\u2013215 (1996)."},{"key":"205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.01.021","volume":"46","author":"Y Kobayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kobayashi, Y., Hobara, H., Heldoorn, T. A., Kouchi, M. & Mochimaru, M. Age-independent and age-dependent sex differences in gait pattern determined by principal component analysis. Gait Posture. 46, 11\u201317 (2016).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"205_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.11.013","volume":"44","author":"O Pinzone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinzone, O., Schwartz, M. H. & Baker, R. Comprehensive non-dimensional normalization of gait data. Gait Posture. 44, 68\u201373 (2016).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"205_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909551","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.909551","volume":"14","author":"Y Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan, Y. et al. Sarcopenia: body composition and gait analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14, 909551 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"205_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051786","volume":"21","author":"JK Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, J. K., Bae, M. N., Lee, K. B. & Hong, S. G. Identification of patients with sarcopenia using gait parameters based on inertial sensors. Sens. (Basel). 21, 1786 (2021).","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel)"},{"key":"205_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M303","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/51A.6.M303","volume":"51","author":"JO Judge","year":"1996","unstructured":"Judge, J. O., Davis, R. B., Ounpuu, S. & 3rd & Step length reductions in advanced age: the role of ankle and hip kinetics. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 51, M303\u2013M312 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"205_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0264","volume":"32","author":"SW Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park, S. W. et al. Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 32, 1993\u20131997 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"205_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2537","volume":"30","author":"SW Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park, S. W. et al. Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study. Diabetes Care. 30, 1507\u20131512 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"205_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0435","volume":"96","author":"P Srikanthan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Srikanthan, P. & Karlamangla, A. S. Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. Findings from the third National health and nutrition examination survey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 2898\u20132903 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"205_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.006","volume":"95","author":"CW Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, C. W. et al. The joint association of insulin sensitivity and physical activity on the skeletal muscle mass and performance in community-dwelling older adults. Exp. Gerontol. 95, 34\u201338 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"205_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1781","volume":"32","author":"JI Barzilay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barzilay, J. I. et al. Insulin resistance is associated with decreased quadriceps muscle strength in nondiabetic adults aged\u2009>\u2009or =\u200970 years. Diabetes Care. 32, 736\u2013738 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"205_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13070","volume":"10","author":"K Sugimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sugimoto, K. et al. Hyperglycemia in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with low muscle mass: the multicenter study for clarifying evidence for sarcopenia in patients with diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Investig. 10, 1471\u20131479 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"205_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.2.140","volume":"40","author":"JW Yoon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoon, J. W. et al. Hyperglycemia is associated with impaired muscle quality in older men with diabetes: the Korean longitudinal study on health and aging. Diabetes Metab. J. 40, 140\u2013146 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"205_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.06.013","volume":"93","author":"TN Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, T. N. et al. Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is associated with metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness: the Korean sarcopenic obesity study (KSOS). Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 93, 285\u2013291 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"205_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307156","volume":"36","author":"BJ Ko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ko, B. J. et al. Relationship between low relative muscle mass and coronary artery calcification in healthy adults. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol. 36, 1016\u20131021 (2016).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol."},{"key":"205_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.6.1543","volume":"53","author":"H Andersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andersen, H., Nielsen, S., Mogensen, C. E. & Jakobsen, J. Muscle strength in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53, 1543\u20131548 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"205_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.03.024","volume":"34","author":"JH Hollman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hollman, J. H., McDade, E. M. & Petersen, R. C. Normative Spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults. Gait Posture. 34, 111\u2013118 (2011).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"205_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2021.01.003","volume":"25","author":"AC Cury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cury, A. C., Pinto, R. Z., Madaleno, F. O. & Resende, R. A. Do older adults present altered pelvic and trunk movement pattern during gait? A systematic review with meta-analysis and GRADE recommendations. Braz J. Phys. Ther. 25, 484\u2013499 (2021).","journal-title":"Braz J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"205_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52310.x","volume":"52","author":"JD Moreland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moreland, J. D., Richardson, J. A., Goldsmith, C. H. & Clase, C. M. Muscle weakness and falls in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 52, 1121\u20131129 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"205_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.09.009","volume":"1","author":"P Suri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suri, P., Kiely, D. K., Leveille, S. G., Frontera, W. R. & Bean, J. F. Trunk muscle attributes are associated with balance and mobility in older adults: A pilot study. PM R. 1, 916\u2013924 (2009).","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"205_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000343152","volume":"59","author":"U Granacher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Granacher, U., Lacroix, A., Muehlbauer, T., Roettger, K. & Gollhofer, A. Effects of core instability strength training on trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. Gerontology 59, 105\u2013113 (2013).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"205_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.6.340","volume":"70","author":"DA Winter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., Frank, J. S. & Walt, S. E. Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Phys. Ther. 70, 340\u2013347 (1990).","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"205_CR36","first-page":"851","volume":"30","author":"PA Latorre Rom\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Latorre Rom\u00e1n, P. A., Garc\u00eda-Pinillos, F., Herrador, H., C\u00f3zar, J. A. & Barba, M. Mu\u00f1oz Jim\u00e9nez, M. Relationship between sex, body composition, gait speed and body satisfaction in elderly people. Nutr. Hosp. 30, 851\u2013857 (2014).","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00205-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00205-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00205-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:04:39Z","timestamp":1748322279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00205-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-00205-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5145770\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18000"}}