{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:35:38Z","timestamp":1791848138275,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Science Research Project of Hebei","award":["20230158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230158"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science Research Project of Hebei","award":["20230158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00353-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1746183762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Combined cerebral oxygen saturation and neuron-specific enolase evaluation for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xujie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingwei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runyin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer, M. et al. The third international consensus definitions for Sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA-J Am. Med. Assoc. 315, 801\u2013810 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA-J Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd, K. E. et al. Global, regional, and National sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet 395, 200\u2013211 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002092","volume":"59","author":"X Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, X. et al. CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF SEPSIS-ASSOCIATED ENCEPHALOPATHY: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. Shock 59, 583\u2013590 (2023).","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"353_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04655-8","volume":"27","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonneville, R. et al. The spectrum of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a clinical perspective. Crit. Care. 27, 386 (2023).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"353_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00643-7","volume":"22","author":"T Manabe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manabe, T. & Heneka, M. T. Cerebral dysfunctions caused by sepsis during ageing. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 444\u2013458 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"353_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-016-0145-4","volume":"4","author":"R Tsuruta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsuruta, R. & Oda, Y. A clinical perspective of sepsis-associated delirium. J. Intensive Care. 4, 18 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.2016.1192453","volume":"44","author":"VC Souza-Dantas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Souza-Dantas, V. C., P\u00f3voa, P., Bozza, F., Soares, M. & Salluh, J. Preventive strategies and potential therapeutic interventions for delirium in sepsis. Hosp. Pract. (1995). 44, 190\u2013202 (2016).","journal-title":"Hosp. Pract. (1995)"},{"key":"353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e328357effa","volume":"18","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hughes, C. G., Patel, M. B. & Pandharipande, P. P. Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what\u2019s the cause of all this confusion? Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 18, 518\u2013526 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"353_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4807-z","volume":"43","author":"R Sonneville","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sonneville, R. et al. Potentially modifiable factors contributing to sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Intensive Care Med. 43, 1075\u20131084 (2017).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"353_CR10","first-page":"412","volume":"34","author":"Y Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Li, J., Dong, D. & Gu, Q. Clinical study on the predictive value of regional cerebral oxygen saturation for the occurrence of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 34, 412\u2013415 (2022).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"353_CR11","first-page":"107","volume":"31","author":"ZG Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao, Z. G., Huang, X. & Chen, F. X. Diagnostic values of glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase and protein S100\u03b2 for sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Revista Romana De Med. De Laborator. 31, 107\u2013112 (2023).","journal-title":"Revista Romana De Med. De Laborator"},{"key":"353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040600910018","volume":"21","author":"F Irani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Irani, F., Platek, S. M., Bunce, S., Ruocco, A. C. & Chute, D. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS): an emerging neuroimaging technology with important applications for the study of brain disorders. Clin. Neuropsychol. 21, 9\u201337 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1089253208316443","volume":"12","author":"GW Fischer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fischer, G. W. Recent advances in application of cerebral oximetry in adult cardiovascular surgery. Semin Cardiothorac. Vasc Anesth. 12, 60\u201369 (2008).","journal-title":"Semin Cardiothorac. Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"353_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000563","volume":"32","author":"BP Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das, B. P., Sharma, M., Bansal, S., Philip, M. & Rao, G. S. U. Prognostic value of tissue oxygen monitoring and regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring and their correlation in neurological patients with sepsis: A preliminary, prospective, observational study. J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 32, 77\u201381 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol"},{"key":"353_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.11.006","volume":"38","author":"A Al Tayar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Tayar, A., Abouelela, A. & Mohiuddeen, K. Can the cerebral regional oxygen saturation be a perfusion parameter in shock? J. Crit. Care. 38, 164\u2013167 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-003-0242-8","volume":"7","author":"A Oki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oki, A., Ohtake, H., Okada, Y., Kawada, T. & Takaba, T. Simultaneous monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials and regional cerebral oxygen saturation combined with serial measurement of plasma levels of cerebral specific proteins for the early diagnosis of postoperative brain damage in cardiovascular surgery. J. Artif. Organs: Official J. Japanese Soc. Artif. Organs. 7, 13\u201318 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs: Official J. Japanese Soc. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"353_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217218.51381.49","volume":"34","author":"DN Nguyen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nguyen, D. N. et al. Elevated serum levels of S-1000 protein and neuron-specific enolase are associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 34, 1967\u20131974 (2006).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"353_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.06.012","volume":"36","author":"BJ Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson, B. J. et al. Admission plasma levels of the neuronal injury marker neuron-specific enolase are associated with mortality and delirium in sepsis. J. Crit. Care. 36, 18\u201323 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"353_CR19","first-page":"6","volume":"101","author":"LT Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L. T. et al. The value of NSE to predict ICU mortality in patients with septic shock: A prospective observational study. Med. (Baltim). 101, 6 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"353_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.183","volume":"8","author":"TE Gofton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gofton, T. E. & Young, G. B. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8, 557\u2013566 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"353_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.177","volume":"9","author":"DJ Stubbs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stubbs, D. J., Yamamoto, A. K. & Menon, D. K. Imaging in sepsis-associated encephalopathy-insights and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9, 551\u2013561 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"353_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00862-1","volume":"17","author":"A Mazeraud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazeraud, A. et al. Septic-Associated encephalopathy: a comprehensive review. Neurotherapeutics 17, 392\u2013403 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2258-8","volume":"22","author":"IA Crippa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crippa, I. A. et al. Impaired cerebral autoregulation is associated with brain dysfunction in patients with sepsis. Crit. Care. 22, 327 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"353_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00282","volume":"13","author":"LS Brown","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown, L. S. et al. Pericytes and neurovascular function in the healthy and diseased brain. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 282 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"353_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.12.009","volume":"50","author":"F Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo, F. et al. GEF-H1-RhoA signaling pathway mediates LPS-induced NF-\u03baB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis in endothelial cells. Mol. Immunol. 50, 98\u2013107 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"353_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.09.010","volume":"212","author":"H Weighardt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weighardt, H. & Holzmann, B. Role of Toll-like receptor responses for sepsis pathogenesis. Immunobiology 212, 715\u2013722 (2007).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"353_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq7806","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7806","volume":"9","author":"HY Chung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chung, H. Y. et al. Microglia mediate neurocognitive deficits by eliminating C1q-tagged synapses in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Sci. Adv. 9, eabq7806 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"353_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02743-2","volume":"45","author":"T Shulyatnikova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shulyatnikova, T. & Verkhratsky, A. Astroglia in Sepsis associated encephalopathy. Neurochem Res. 45, 83\u201399 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"353_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.012","volume":"83","author":"M Griton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Griton, M. et al. Experimental sepsis-associated encephalopathy is accompanied by altered cerebral blood perfusion and water diffusion and related to changes in cyclooxygenase-2 expression and glial cell morphology but not to blood-brain barrier breakdown. Brain Behav. Immun. 83, 200\u2013213 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"353_CR30","first-page":"828","volume":"125","author":"LN Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, L. N. et al. Epidemiological features and risk factors of sepsis-associated encephalopathy in intensive care unit patients: 2008\u20132011. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 125, 828\u2013831 (2012).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"key":"353_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617719750","volume":"34","author":"Q Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng, Q. et al. Characterization of Sepsis and Sepsis-Associated encephalopathy. J. Intensive Care Med. 34, 938\u2013945 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"353_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200003000-00057","volume":"92","author":"MA Weigand","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weigand, M. A. et al. Neuron-specific enolase as a marker of fatal outcome in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Anesthesiology 92, 905\u2013907 (2000).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"353_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.11.014","volume":"692","author":"J Ehler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ehler, J. et al. Diagnostic value of NT-proCNP compared to NSE and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neurosci. Lett. 692, 167\u2013173 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"353_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181727b22","volume":"9","author":"AA Hsu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hsu, A. A. et al. Neurological injury markers in children with septic shock. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 9, 245\u2013251 (2008).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"353_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03862-5","volume":"26","author":"T Barichello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barichello, T., Generoso, J. S., Singer, M. & Dal-Pizzol, F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis-a narrative review. Crit. Care. 26, 31 (2022).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"353_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1308-0","volume":"39","author":"B Yao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yao, B., Zhang, L. N., Ai, Y. H., Liu, Z. Y. & Huang, L. Serum S100\u03b2 is a better biomarker than neuron-specific enolase for sepsis-associated encephalopathy and determining its prognosis: a prospective and observational study. Neurochem Res. 39, 1263\u20131269 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"353_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.185860","volume":"129","author":"LN Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, L. N. et al. Diagnostic and predictive levels of Calcium-binding protein A8 and tumor necrosis factor Receptor-associated factor 6 in Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: A prospective observational study. Chin. Med. J. (Engl). 129, 1674\u20131681 (2016).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"key":"353_CR38","first-page":"1094","volume":"33","author":"H Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. [Changes of regional saturation of cerebral oxygenation and neuron specific enolase in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 33, 1094\u20131098 (2021).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"353_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.280","volume":"43","author":"M Wood","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wood, M. et al. Brain tissue oxygenation in patients with septic shock: a feasibility study. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 43, 65\u201373 (2016).","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"353_CR40","first-page":"10","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Conservative oxygen therapy in critically ill and perioperative period of patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Front. Immunol. 13, 10 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"353_CR41","first-page":"7715","volume":"13","author":"W Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo, W., Li, Y. H. & Li, Q. Relationship between miR-29a levels in the peripheral blood and sepsis-related encephalopathy. Am. J. Translational Res. 13, 7715\u20137722 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Translational Res."},{"key":"353_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010070","volume":"8","author":"C Mewes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mewes, C. et al. CTLA-4 genetic variants predict survival in patients with Sepsis. J. Clin. Med. 8, 14 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"353_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00012","volume":"29","author":"EW Ely","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ely, E. W. et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Crit. Care Med. 29, 1370\u20131379 (2001).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"353_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","volume":"166","author":"CN Sessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sessler, C. N. et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 166, 1338\u20131344 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"353_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","volume":"371","author":"TD Girard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Girard, T. D. et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and breathing controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371, 126\u2013134 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00353-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00353-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00353-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T13:23:15Z","timestamp":1746192195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-00353-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-00353-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethics Committee of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University(Approval No: 2020YK351). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Funding Declaration: 20230158 Improvement of the diagnosis and treatment process of sepsis patients based on big data analysis, Medical Science Research Project of Hebei.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}}],"article-number":"15369"}}