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To elucidate the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the mechanobiology of the CEP, human CEP cells were seeded into 2% agarose, dynamically compressed up to 7%, and stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF). It was hypothesized that dynamic compression would be sufficient to induce anabolism, while stimulation with TNF would induce catabolism. TNF was sufficient to induce a catabolic, time-dependent response in human CEP cells through downregulation of anabolic gene expression and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins associated with herniated discs, bacteria inhibition, and pain. 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