{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:26:24Z","timestamp":1787682384911,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal University Jaipur"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01028-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:52:22Z","timestamp":1747291942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synergistic effect of particle packing method, aggregate saturation levels, and paste content in improving the performance of high volume fine recycled aggregate concrete"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Namratha V.","family":"Khanapur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavna","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhasis","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarush","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1028_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.085","volume":"186","author":"A Akhtar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akhtar, A. & Sarmah, A. K. Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: A global perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 186, 262\u2013281 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"1028_CR2","volume-title":"\u201cNirman Sarika\u201d News Letter","author":"BMTPC","year":"2018","unstructured":"BMTPC. \u201cNirman Sarika\u201d News Letter Vol. 7 (Building Material and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi, 2018)."},{"key":"1028_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105955","volume":"177","author":"YA Villagr\u00e1n-Zaccardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Villagr\u00e1n-Zaccardi, Y. A. et al. Complete re-utilization of waste concretes\u2013valorisation pathways and research needs. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 177, 105955 (2022).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"1028_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119979","volume":"262","author":"H Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed, H., Tiznobaik, M., Huda, S. B., Islam, M. S. & Alam, M. S. Recycled aggregate concrete from large-scale production to sustainable field application. Constr. Build. Mater. 262, 119979 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.09.005","volume":"32","author":"L Evangelista","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evangelista, L. & De Brito, J. Durability performance of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement Concr. Compos. 32, 9\u201314 (2010).","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"1028_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.240","volume":"172","author":"VWY Tam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tam, V. W. Y., Soomro, M. & Evangelista, A. C. J. A review of recycled aggregate in concrete applications (2000\u20132017). Constr. Build. Mater. 172, 272\u2013292 (2018).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041342","volume":"15","author":"C Trottier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trottier, C. et al. Freezing and thawing resistance of fine recycled concrete aggregate (FRCA) mixtures designed with distinct techniques. Materials 15, 1342 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"1028_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118421","volume":"246","author":"L Berredjem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berredjem, L., Arabi, N. & Molez, L. Mechanical and durability properties of concrete based on recycled coarse and fine aggregates produced from demolished concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 246, 118421 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2017.1371083","volume":"24","author":"Z Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, Z. et al. Mechanical and durability behaviours of concrete made with recycled coarse and fine aggregates. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 24, 171\u2013189 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"1028_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.115","volume":"197","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Z., Liu, J., Xiao, J. & Zhong, P. A method to determine water absorption of recycled fine aggregate in paste for design and quality control of fresh mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 197, 30\u201341 (2019).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13163535","volume":"13","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Concrete mix design for completely recycled fine aggregate by modified packing density method. Materials 13, 3535 (2020).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"1028_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.117","volume":"192","author":"H Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) using recycled fine aggregate cured under different conditions and the mechanism based on integrated microstructural parameters. Constr. Build. Mater. 192, 489\u2013507 (2018).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.12.065","volume":"115","author":"JA Bogas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bogas, J. A., De Brito, J. & Ramos, D. Freeze\u2013thaw resistance of concrete produced with fine recycled concrete aggregates. J. Clean. Prod. 115, 294\u2013306 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"1028_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.119","volume":"89","author":"F Cartuxo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cartuxo, F., De Brito, J., Evangelista, L., Jim\u00e9nez, J. R. & Ledesma, E. F. Rheological behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates\u2013influence of the superplasticizer. Constr. Build. Mater. 89, 36\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004","volume":"29","author":"L Evangelista","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evangelista, L. & De Brito, J. Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement Concr. Compos. 29, 397\u2013401 (2007).","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Compos."},{"key":"1028_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.154","volume":"112","author":"C-C Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan, C.-C., Huang, R., Hwang, H. & Chao, S.-J. Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregates from crushed concrete wastes. Constr. Build. Mater. 112, 708\u2013715 (2016).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.06.017","volume":"35","author":"JM Khatib","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khatib, J. M. Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate. Cem. Concr. Res. 35, 763\u2013769 (2005).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"1028_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.009","volume":"23","author":"S-C Kou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kou, S.-C. & Poon, C.-S. Properties of concrete prepared with crushed fine stone, furnace bottom ash and fine recycled aggregate as fine aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 23, 2877\u20132886 (2009).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2017.05.003","volume":"57","author":"BM Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, B. M., Ananthan, H. & Balaji, K. V. A. Experimental studies on utilization of recycled coarse and fine aggregates in high performance concrete mixes. Alex. Eng. J. 57, 1749\u20131759 (2018).","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"1028_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.007","volume":"147","author":"D Pedro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedro, D., De Brito, J. & Evangelista, L. Evaluation of high-performance concrete with recycled aggregates: Use of densified silica fume as cement replacement. Constr. Build. Mater. 147, 803\u2013814 (2017).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050","volume":"28","author":"P Pereira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pereira, P., Evangelista, L. & De Brito, J. The effect of superplasticisers on the workability and compressive strength of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 28, 722\u2013729 (2012).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103442","volume":"45","author":"R Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, R., Nayak, D., Pandey, A., Kumar, R. & Kumar, V. Effects of recycled fine aggregates on properties of concrete containing natural or recycled coarse aggregates: A comparative study. J. Build. Eng. 45, 103442 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"1028_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14420-5","volume":"29","author":"J Sivamani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sivamani, J. & Renganathan, N. T. Effect of fine recycled aggregate on the strength and durability properties of concrete modified through two-stage mixing approach. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 85869\u201385882 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"1028_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04020216","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003289","volume":"32","author":"SK Kirthika","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirthika, S. K., Singh, S. K. & Chourasia, A. Performance of recycled fine-aggregate concrete using novel mix-proportioning method. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32, 04020216 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"1028_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-014-0342-3","volume":"48","author":"A Mardani-Aghabaglou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mardani-Aghabaglou, A., Tuyan, M. & Ramyar, K. Mechanical and durability performance of concrete incorporating fine recycled concrete and glass aggregates. Mater. Struct. 48, 2629\u20132640 (2015).","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"1028_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2011.06.011","volume":"31","author":"CJ Zega","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zega, C. J. & Di Maio, \u00c1. A. Use of recycled fine aggregate in concretes with durable requirements. Waste Manag. 31, 2336\u20132340 (2011).","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"1028_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.103","volume":"77","author":"M Bravo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bravo, M., De Brito, J., Pontes, J. & Evangelista, L. Durability performance of concrete with recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste plants. Constr. Build. Mater. 77, 357\u2013369 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1680\/jmacr.18.00093","volume":"71","author":"L Evangelista","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evangelista, L. & De Brito, J. Durability of crushed fine recycled aggregate concrete assessed by permeability-related properties. Mag. Concr. Res. 71, 1142\u20131150 (2019).","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"1028_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.215","volume":"154","author":"D Pedro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedro, D., De Brito, J. & Evangelista, L. Structural concrete with simultaneous incorporation of fine and coarse recycled concrete aggregates: Mechanical, durability and long-term properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 154, 294\u2013309 (2017).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9020098","volume":"9","author":"F Cartuxo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cartuxo, F., De Brito, J., Evangelista, L., Jim\u00e9nez, J. & Ledesma, E. Increased durability of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates using superplasticizers. Materials 9, 98 (2016).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"1028_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.090","volume":"49","author":"J Geng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geng, J. & Sun, J. Characteristics of the carbonation resistance of recycled fine aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 49, 814\u2013820 (2013).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5585\/exacta.v5i1.1027","author":"S Levy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levy, S. & Hel\u00e8ne, P. Durability of concrete mixed with fine recycled aggregates. Exacta https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5585\/exacta.v5i1.1027 (2008).","journal-title":"Exacta"},{"key":"1028_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119091","volume":"252","author":"G Puente De Andrade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puente De Andrade, G., De Castro Polisseni, G., Pepe, M. & Toledo Filho, R. D. Design of structural concrete mixtures containing fine recycled concrete aggregate using packing model. Constr. Build. Mater. 252, 119091 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7873","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15227873","volume":"15","author":"T Pavl\u016f","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavl\u016f, T. et al. Design of performance-based concrete using sand reclaimed from construction and demolition waste-comparative study of Czechia and India. Materials 15, 7873 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"1028_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.037","volume":"81","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Remond, S., Damidot, D. & Xu, W. Influence of fine recycled concrete aggregates on the properties of mortars. Constr. Build. Mater. 81, 179\u2013186 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"1028_CR36","volume-title":"Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete","author":"IS 383","year":"2016","unstructured":"IS 383. Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete (Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2016)."},{"key":"1028_CR37","volume-title":"Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete","author":"IS 516","year":"2021","unstructured":"IS 516. Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2021)."},{"key":"1028_CR38","volume-title":"Method of Non-destructive Testing of Concrete, Part 1: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity","author":"IS 13311-1","year":"1992","unstructured":"IS 13311-1. Method of Non-destructive Testing of Concrete, Part 1: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1992)."},{"key":"1028_CR39","volume-title":"Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles\u2013Specification","author":"IS 1237","year":"2012","unstructured":"IS 1237. Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles\u2013Specification (Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2012)."},{"key":"1028_CR40","unstructured":"DIN 1048 (Part 5). German Standard for Determination of Permeability of Concrete. Testing of Hardened Concrete (1991)."},{"key":"1028_CR41","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete\u2019s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration","author":"ASTM C1202","year":"1997","unstructured":"ASTM C1202. Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete\u2019s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration (ASTM International, West Conshocken, PA, 1997)."},{"key":"1028_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider, C. A. & Rasband, W. S. NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9, 671\u2013675 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1028_CR43","volume-title":"Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design Proportioning","author":"IS 10262","year":"2019","unstructured":"IS 10262. Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design Proportioning (Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2019)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01028-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01028-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01028-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T08:03:34Z","timestamp":1747296214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01028-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-01028-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16901"}}