{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:08:39Z","timestamp":1793059719010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009377","name":"Education Department of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24B1093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24B1093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hunan Social Science Achievement Review Committee","award":["XSP25YBC148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSP25YBC148"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Education Sciences Planning during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period","award":["XJK23BTW009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJK23BTW009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01192-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:17:51Z","timestamp":1747210671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Population-based trends and distributional characteristics in sit-ups performance among school-aged girls in urban China over three decades"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jianwu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1192_CR1","unstructured":"American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2018)."},{"key":"1192_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01098-6","volume":"49","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Hermoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Hermoso, A., Ram\u00edrez-Campillo, R. & Izquierdo, M. Is muscular fitness associated with future health benefits in children and adolescents?? A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of longitudinal studies. Sports Med. 49, 1079\u20131094 (2019).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"1192_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0196-4","volume":"44","author":"JJ Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, J. J. et al. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 44, 1209\u20131223 (2014).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"1192_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00769.x","volume":"12","author":"EG Artero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Artero, E. G. et al. Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness are independently associated with metabolic risk in adolescents: the HELENA study. Pediatr. Diabetes. 12, 704\u2013712 (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"1192_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.07.020","volume":"22","author":"GRH Sandercock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sandercock, G. R. H. & Cohen, D. D. Temporal trends in muscular fitness of english 10-year-olds 1998\u20132014: an allometric approach. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 22, 201\u2013205 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"1192_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health (WHO, 2010)."},{"key":"1192_CR7","unstructured":"Plowman, S. A. Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Flexibility Assessments (Cooper Institute, 2014)."},{"key":"1192_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3182259d05","volume":"33","author":"B Contreras","year":"2011","unstructured":"Contreras, B. & Schoenfeld, B. To crunch or not to crunch: an Evidence-Based examination of spinal flexion exercises, their potential risks, and their applicability to program design. Strength. Cond J. 33, 8\u201318 (2011).","journal-title":"Strength. Cond J."},{"key":"1192_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1763764","volume":"38","author":"T Kaster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaster, T. et al. Temporal trends in the sit-ups performance of 9,939,289 children and adolescents between 1964 and 2017. J. Sports Sci. 38, 1913\u20131923 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"1192_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30302-5","volume":"3","author":"Y Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong, Y. et al. Trends in physical fitness, growth, and nutritional status of Chinese children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 1\u00b75 million students from six successive National surveys between 1985 and 2014. Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health. 3, 871\u2013880 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1192_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2245261","volume":"41","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Temporal trends in physical fitness among Chinese children and adolescents from 2000 to 2019 and analysis of social-ecological factors. J. Sports Sci. 41, 884\u2013894 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"1192_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072195","volume":"7","author":"C Bi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bi, C., Zhang, F., Gu, Y., Song, Y. & Cai, X. Secular trend in the physical fitness of Xinjiang children and adolescents between 1985 and 2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 7, 2195 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"1192_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.08.021","volume":"64","author":"D Ao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ao, D., Wu, F., Yun, C. F. & Zheng, X. Y. Trends in physical fitness among 12-Year-Old children in urban and rural areas during the social transformation period in China. J. Adolesc. Health. 64, 250\u2013257 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1192_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31190-x","volume":"13","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, C., Taerken, A. Y., Li, Q., Selimu, A. & Wang, H. Secular trends in physical fitness of rural Chinese children and adolescents aged 7\u201318 years from 1985 to 2019. Sci. Rep. 13, 4229 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1192_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14669","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14669","volume":"34","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, J., Maisiwute, M., Zhou, Z. & Zang, L. Temporal trends and distributional changes in cardiorespiratory fitness among Chinese children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 34, e14669 (2024).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"1192_CR16","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 1985 (People\u2019s Educational Publication, 1987)."},{"key":"1192_CR17","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 1991 (Beijing Technical and Science, 1993)."},{"key":"1192_CR18","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 1995 (Jilin Technical and Science Publication, 1997)."},{"key":"1192_CR19","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 2000 (Higher Education Press, 2002)."},{"key":"1192_CR20","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 2005 (Higher Education Press, 2007)."},{"key":"1192_CR21","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 2010 (Higher Education Press, 2012)."},{"key":"1192_CR22","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 2014 (Higher Education Press, 2016)."},{"key":"1192_CR23","unstructured":"National Student Physical Fitness and Investigation Group. Report on the Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students in 2019 (Higher Education Press, 2022)."},{"key":"1192_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, N. The Methods of Auxological Anthropometry (Plenum, 1978).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2622-9_3"},{"key":"1192_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2165\/11599160-000000000-00000","volume":"42","author":"GR Tomkinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomkinson, G. R. et al. Temporal changes in long-distance running performance of Asian children between 1964 and 2009. Sports Med. 42, 267\u2013279 (2012).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"1192_CR26","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. T. et al. (eds) JChapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In:,,Welch, V. A. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 Cochrane, (2024)."},{"key":"1192_CR27","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988)."},{"key":"1192_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01394-6","volume":"51","author":"GR Tomkinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomkinson, G. R. et al. Temporal trends in the standing broad jump performance of 10,940,801 children and adolescents between 1960 and 2017. Sports Med. 51, 531\u2013548 (2021).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"1192_CR29","unstructured":"Office of the Leading Group for the Seventh National Population Census of the State Council. Major Figures on 2020 Population Census of China (China Statistics, 2021)."},{"key":"1192_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596e610","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478639","volume":"83","author":"W Cleveland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cleveland, W. & Devlin, S. Locally weighted regression: an approach to regression analysis by local fitting. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 83, 596e610 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"1192_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14440","volume":"33","author":"AM Nevill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nevill, A. M., Duncan, M. J., Gaya, A. & Mello, J. B. Secular trends in the physical fitness of Brazilian youth: evidence that fitness is declining for the majority but not for a fit minority. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 33, 2079\u20132089 (2023).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"1192_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2268350","volume":"41","author":"ET Poon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poon, E. T., Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Huang, W. Y. & Wong, S. H. Temporal trends in the physical fitness of Hong Kong children aged 6\u201312 years between 2003-04 and 2015-16. J. Sports Sci. 41, 1271\u20131278 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"1192_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1738-2072","volume":"44","author":"ET Poon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poon, E. T., Tomkinson, G. R., Huang, W. Y. & Wong, S. H. Temporal trends in the physical fitness of Hong Kong adolescents between 1998 and 2015. Int. J. Sports Med. 44, 728\u2013735 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"1192_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14420","volume":"33","author":"GB Rosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosa, G. B. et al. Physical fitness trends in a nationally representative sample of Portuguese youth: what has changed from 2008 to 2018? Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 33, 2058\u20132067 (2023).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"1192_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90745-y","volume":"11","author":"M Kasovi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasovi\u0107, M., \u0160tefan, L. & Petri\u0107, V. Secular trends in health-related physical fitness among 11-14-year-old Croatian children and adolescents from 1999 to 2014. Sci. Rep. 11, 11039 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1192_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14813-7","volume":"12","author":"A Radulovi\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radulovi\u0107, A., Jurak, G., Lesko\u0161ek, B., Starc, G. & Blagus, R. Secular trends in physical fitness of Slovenian boys and girls aged 7 to 15 years from 1989 to 2019: a population-based study. Sci. Rep. 12, 10495 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1192_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13847","volume":"31","author":"L Joensuu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joensuu, L. et al. Physical fitness development in relation to changes in body composition and physical activity in adolescence. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 31, 456\u2013464 (2021).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"1192_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098253","volume":"52","author":"GR Tomkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomkinson, G. R. et al. European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9\u201317 years: results from 2779165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. Br. J. Sports Med. 52, 1445\u201314563 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"1192_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00723-9","volume":"19","author":"N Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, N. et al. Secular trends and urban-rural disparities in the median age at menarche among Chinese Han girls from 1985 to 2019. World J. Pediatr. 19, 1162\u20131168 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"1192_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12006","volume":"26","author":"YX Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. X. & Wang, S. R. Changes in skinfold thickness and body composition among children and adolescents in Shandong, China from 1995 to 2010. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 26, 252\u2013258 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"1192_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018000824","volume":"21","author":"SR Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, S. R., Cheng, Y., Chen, M. & Zhang, Y. X. Trends in the prevalence of elevated skinfold thickness among children and adolescents in Shandong Province, China, 1995\u20132014. Public. Health Nutr. 21, 2238\u20132241 (2018).","journal-title":"Public. Health Nutr."},{"key":"1192_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13981","volume":"31","author":"S \u0110uri\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0110uri\u0107, S. et al. Secular trends in muscular fitness from 1983 to 2014 among Slovenian children and adolescents. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 31, 1853\u20131861 (2021).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"1192_CR43","first-page":"404","volume":"34","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, X., Leung, A. W., Zhai, Y. & Zhao, W. H. Recent trends in physical activity among Chinese children based on their demographic and social characteristics. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 34, 404\u2013409 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"1192_CR44","first-page":"593","volume":"34","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, X., Leung, W. Y., Chen, Y. S., Ouyang, Y. F. & Zhao, W. H. Recent trends in sedentary behaviors among Chinese children according to demographic and social characteristics. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 34, 593\u2013605 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"1192_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18822-1","volume":"24","author":"MM Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, M. M., Koh, K. T. & Wang, X. Z. Trends of physical activity and recreational screen time among Chinese children and adolescents: a National study from 2017 to 2019. BMC Public. Health. 24, 1305 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"1192_CR46","first-page":"36","volume":"24","author":"PL Zhong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhong, P. L. et al. Trends of prevalence rates of daily on-campus physical activity of Chinese Han students aged 9\u201318 years from 2010 to 2019. Chin. Prev. Med. 24, 36\u201343 (2023). (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin. Prev. Med."},{"key":"1192_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003123","author":"J Dang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dang, J. et al. Secular trend and projection of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7\u201318 years from 1985 to 2019: rural areas are becoming the focus of investment. Chin. Med. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003123 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"1192_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30306-7","volume":"3","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinehr, T. & Roth, C. L. Is there a causal relationship between obesity and puberty? Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health. 3, 44\u201354 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1192_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/children10010111","volume":"10","author":"W Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, W. et al. The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Perceived Well-Being, Motivation, and Enjoyment in Chinese Adolescents during Physical Education: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study. Children 10, 111 (2023).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"1192_CR50","unstructured":"Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Notice of the Ministry of Education on the issuance of the National Student Physical Fitness Standard. Revision) (accessed 7 February 2025). (2014). http:\/\/www.moe.gov.cn\/s78\/A17\/twys_left\/moe_938\/moe_792\/s3273\/201407\/t20140708_171692.html (2014-07-07)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01192-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01192-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01192-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T08:17:59Z","timestamp":1747210679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01192-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-01192-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The data analyzed during this study from CNSSCHs have been published openly and are freely available. The data can be found in the following publicly available books, Refs 16-23.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"16750"}}