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However, because experiments involving multiple hosts and multiple parasite species that capture the full infection dynamics within hosts are rare, the underlying mechanisms of host heterogeneity effects across different parasite species remain largely unknown. We dissected the specific roles of host and pathogen effects in shaping within-host infection dynamics using a model system comprising three coexisting rodent species from Israel\u2019s northwestern Negev Desert and their predominant bacterial pathogens, <jats:italic>Bartonella krasnovii<\/jats:italic> A2 and <jats:italic>Mycoplasma haemomuris<\/jats:italic>-like bacterium. To test whether the effects of host species heterogeneity on parasite dynamics mainly derive from host trait variation (\u201chost trait variation hypothesis\u201d) or rather reflect a unique host-parasite interaction (\u201cspecific host-parasite interaction\u201d hypotheses), we inoculated rodents of the three species (<jats:italic>Gerbillus andersoni<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>G. pyramidum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>G. gerbillus<\/jats:italic>) with either <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> and compared their infection dynamics during primary infection and upon reinfection. According to the \u201chost trait variation\u201d hypothesis, host heterogeneity effects would be consistent across parasite species. Supporting this hypothesis, both bacterial pathogens exhibited reduced performance in <jats:italic>G. gerbillus<\/jats:italic> compared to the other rodent species. However, consistent with the alternative \u201cspecific host-parasite interaction\u201d hypothesis, all other aspects of the infection dynamics of these two pathogens exhibited varying trends across the three hosts, indicating the uniqueness of each pathogen-host interaction. Our findings support the notion that the variability in infection dynamics is not solely attributable to host heterogeneity, but rather emerges from the interplay between specific host characteristics and parasite traits. We discuss potential directions for future research to deepen our understanding of within-host dynamics in multispecies communities. We stress the necessity of analyzing each distinct host-parasite interaction independently when making inferences about community patterns based on infection dynamics within hosts until more experimental data on natural systems are accumulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01351-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T07:57:47Z","timestamp":1748851067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Variability in infection dynamics emerges from the interplay between unique host and pathogen characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pastor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadav","family":"Knossow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naama","family":"Shahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Flatau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadas","family":"Hawlena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1351_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stephenson, J. 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