{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T18:14:05Z","timestamp":1757614445914,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01484-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T06:52:58Z","timestamp":1757055178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alert distance as a measure of tolerance and effect of human intervention on the behaviour of Rhinoceros unicornis in Kaziranga National Park"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sangita","family":"Medhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malabika Kakati","family":"Saikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1484_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.08.017","volume":"134","author":"R Abell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abell, R., Allan, J. D. & Lehner, B. Unlocking the potential of protected areas for freshwaters. Biol Conserv. 134, 48\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.08.017 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol Conserv."},{"key":"1484_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000143","volume":"7","author":"R Buckley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buckley, R. Parks and tourism. PLOS Biol. 7, e1000143 (2009).","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR3","first-page":"470","volume-title":"National Parks and Protected Areas: Their Role in Environmental Protection","author":"RG Wright","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wright, R. G. National Parks and Protected Areas: Their Role in Environmental Protection 470 (Blackwell Publishing House Science, 1996)."},{"key":"1484_CR4","first-page":"163","volume":"48","author":"RF Johnson Jr","year":"1976","unstructured":"Johnson, R. F. Jr. & Sloan, N. F. The effects of human disturbance on the white pelican colony at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge North Dakota.. Inland Bird Banding News 48, 163\u2013170 (1976).","journal-title":"Inland Bird Banding News"},{"issue":"3","key":"1484_CR5","first-page":"510","volume":"95","author":"LN Ellison","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ellison, L. N. & Cleary, L. Effects of human disturbance on breeding of double-crested cormorants. Auk 95(3), 510\u2013517 (1978).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"issue":"1","key":"1484_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(80)90067-1","volume":"18","author":"DW Anderson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Anderson, D. W. & Keith, J. O. The human influence on seabird nesting success: Conservation implications. Biol. Conserv. 18(1), 65\u201380 (1980).","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"3","key":"1484_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1948546","volume":"39","author":"DA Jenni","year":"1969","unstructured":"Jenni, D. A. A study of the ecology of four species of herons during the breeding season at Lake Alice, Alachua County Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 39(3), 245\u2013270 (1969).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR8","first-page":"364","volume":"96","author":"J Tremblay","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tremblay, J. & Ellison, L. N. Effects of human disturbance on breeding of Black-crowned Night Herons. Auk 96(2), 364\u2013369 (1979).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2307\/1367667","volume":"84","author":"KC Parsons","year":"1982","unstructured":"Parsons, K. C. & Burger, J. Human disturbance and nestling behavior in black-crowned night herons. Condor 84(2), 184\u2013187 (1982).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"1484_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2307\/3801189","volume":"48","author":"MS Kaiser","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kaiser, M. S. & Fritzell, E. K. Effects of river recreationists on Green-backed Heron behavior. J. Wildl. Manag. 48, 561\u2013567 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2307\/1941814","volume":"1","author":"SK Skagen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Skagen, S. K., Knight, R. L. & Orians, G. H. Human disturbance of an avian scavenging guild. Ecol. Appl. 1(2), 215\u2013225 (1991).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"1484_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.09010089.x","volume":"9","author":"JA Rodgers Jr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rodgers, J. A. Jr. & Smith, H. T. Set-back distances to protect nesting bird colonies from human disturbance in Florida. Conserv. Biol. 9(1), 89\u201399 (1995).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR13","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Behaviour and Conservation","author":"JA Gill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gill, J. A. & Sutherland, W. J. Predicting the Consequences of Human Disturbance from Behavioural Decisions. In Behaviour and Conservation (eds Gossling, L. M. & Sutherland, W.) 51\u201364 (Cambridge University Press, 2000)."},{"key":"1484_CR14","unstructured":"Hediger, H. Zur biologie und psychologie der Flucht bei Tieren. (1934)."},{"key":"1484_CR15","unstructured":"Dandenong Valley Authority (1979). Edithvale Wetlands buffer area analysis. Environmental Report 2, Dandenong Valley Authority, Melbourne."},{"key":"1484_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2307\/1368307","volume":"91","author":"DE Andersen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Andersen, D. E., Rongstad, O. J. & Mytton, W. R. Response of nesting Red-tailed Hawks to helicopter over flights. Condor 91, 296\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1368307 (1989).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"1484_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00063650009461156","volume":"47","author":"E Fernandez-Juricic","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fernandez-Juricic, E. & Telleria, J. L. Effects of human disturbance on Blackbird Turdus merula spatial and temporal feeding patterns in urban parks of Madrid Spain. Bird Stud. 47, 13\u201321 (2000).","journal-title":"Bird Stud."},{"key":"1484_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.2307\/4089032","volume":"112","author":"R Slotow","year":"1995","unstructured":"Slotow, R. & Rothstein, S. I. Influence of social status, distance from cover, and group size on feeding and vigilance in White-crowned Sparrows. Auk 112, 1024\u20131031 (1995).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"1484_CR19","first-page":"461","volume":"21","author":"TL Holmes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Holmes, T. L., Knight, R. L., Stegall, L. & Craig, G. R. Responses of wintering grassland raptors to human disturbance. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 21, 461\u2013468 (1993).","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"1484_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3251","volume":"272","author":"T Stankowich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stankowich, T. & Blumstein, D. T. Fear in animals: A meta-analysis and review of risk assessment. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 272, 2627\u20132634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2005.3251 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"1484_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1071\/MU12026","volume":"112","author":"MA Weston","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weston, M. A., McLeod, E. M., Blumstein, D. T. & Guay, P. J. A review of flight-initiation distances and their application to managing disturbance to Australian birds. Emu-Austral Ornithol. 112(4), 269\u2013286 (2012).","journal-title":"Emu-Austral Ornithol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1484_CR22","first-page":"0053376","volume":"6","author":"A Frid","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frid, A. & Dill, L. M. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conserv. Ecol. 6(1), 0053376\u20130053379 (2002).","journal-title":"Conserv. Ecol."},{"key":"1484_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60192-8","volume":"16","author":"RC Ydenberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ydenberg, R. C. & Dill, L. M. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv. Study Behav. 16, 229\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60192-8 (1986).","journal-title":"Adv. Study Behav."},{"key":"1484_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(81)90092-6","volume":"21","author":"J Burger","year":"1981","unstructured":"Burger, J. The effect of human activity on birds at a coastal bay. Biol. Conserv. 21, 231\u2013241 (1981).","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"1484_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270905000158","volume":"15","author":"MA Weston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weston, M. A. & Elgar, M. A. Disturbance to brood-rearing Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis: Responses and consequences. Bird Conserv. Int. 15, 193\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0959270905000158 (2005).","journal-title":"Bird Conserv. Int."},{"key":"1484_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2307\/1521190","volume":"8","author":"DK Vos","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vos, D. K., Ryder, R. A. & Graul, W. D. Response of breeding Great Blue Herons to human disturbance in north-central Colorado. Colon. Waterbirds 8, 13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1521190 (1985).","journal-title":"Colon. Waterbirds"},{"key":"1484_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84074-6_18","volume-title":"Antarctic Ecosystems: Ecological Change and Conservation","author":"B Culik","year":"1990","unstructured":"Culik, B., Adelung, D. & Woakes, A. J. The Effect of Disturbance on the Heart Rate and Behaviour of Ad\u00e9lie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) During the Breeding Season. In Antarctic Ecosystems: Ecological Change and Conservation (eds Kerry, K. R. & Hempel, G.) 177\u2013182 (Springer, 1990)."},{"key":"1484_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05944.x","volume":"100","author":"G Gabrielsen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gabrielsen, G., Kanwisher, J. & Steen, J. B. Emotional bradycardia: a telemetry study on incubating Willow Grouse (Lagopus lagopus). Acta Physiol. Scand. 100, 255\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05944.x (1977).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"1484_CR29","first-page":"288","volume":"95","author":"JW Kanwisher","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kanwisher, J. W., Williams, T. C., Teal, J. M. & Lawson, K. O. Radiotelemetry of heart rates from free-ranging gulls. Auk 95, 288\u2013293 (1978).","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"1484_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/374415a0","volume":"374","author":"AJ Nimon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nimon, A. J., Schroter, R. C. & Stonehouse, B. Heart rate of disturbed penguins. Nature 374, 415 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1484_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000050185","volume":"18","author":"J Regel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Regel, J. & Putz, K. Effect of human disturbance on body temperature and energy expenditure in penguins. Polar Biol. 18, 246\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003000050185 (1997).","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2005.00271.x","volume":"20","author":"BG Walker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walker, B. G., Boersma, P. D. & Wingfield, J. C. Habituation of adult Magellanic Penguins to human visitation as expressed through behavior and corticosterone secretion. Conserv. Biol. 20, 146\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2005.00271.x (2006).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.4.475","volume":"205","author":"H Weimerskirch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weimerskirch, H. et al. Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating Wandering Albatrosses: Basal levels, natural variation, and the effects of human disturbance. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 475\u2013483 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239688","volume":"11","author":"RP Wilson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wilson, R. P., Culik, B., Danfeld, R. & Adelung, D. People in Antarctica \u2013 how much do Ad\u00e9lie Penguins Pygoscelis adeliae care?. Polar Biol. 11, 363\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00239688 (1991).","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(80)90072-5","volume":"18","author":"AS Cooke","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cooke, A. S. Observations on how close certain passerine species will tolerate an approaching human in rural and suburban areas. Biol. Cons. 18, 85\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-3207(80)90072-5 (1980).","journal-title":"Biol. Cons."},{"key":"1484_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-104","volume":"80","author":"E Fernandez-Juricic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fernandez-Juricic, E., Jimenez, M. D. & Lucas, E. Factors affecting intra- and inter-specific variations in the difference between alert distance and flight distances for birds in forested habitats. Can. J. Zool. 80, 1212\u20131220 (2002).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"1484_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3727\/015613887791918114","volume":"7","author":"PS Humphrey","year":"1987","unstructured":"Humphrey, P. S., Livezey, B. C. & Siegel-Causey, D. Tameness of birds of the Falkland Islands: an index of preliminary results. Bird Behav. 7, 67\u201372 (1987).","journal-title":"Bird Behav."},{"key":"1484_CR38","unstructured":"Laurie, W.A. (1978). The Ecology and Behaviour of the greater One-Horned rhinoceros. Ph.D. Dissertation, 450 (University of Cambridge, 1978)"},{"key":"1484_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muntifering, J. R., Linklater, W. L., Naidoo, R., ! UriKhob, S., Preez, P. D., Beytell, P., & Knight, A. T. (2019). Sustainable close encounters: integrating tourist and animal behaviour to improve rhinoceros viewing protocols.\u00a0Anim. Conserv.,\u00a022 (2), 189-197.","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12454"},{"issue":"3","key":"1484_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-104","volume":"28","author":"E Fernandez-Juricic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fernandez-Juricic, E., Jimenez, M. D. & Lucas, E. Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: implications for park design. Environ. Conserv. 28(3), 263\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/z02-104 (2001).","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"1484_CR41","unstructured":"Taher, M. & Ahmed, P. (2005). Assam: A geographical profile. 21\u201382."},{"key":"1484_CR42","unstructured":"Mishra, M.K., Mathur, V.B. & Singha P.N. Technical Report No 04. UNESCO-IUCN Enhencing Our Heritage Project: Monitoring and Managing for success in Natural World Heritage Sites, Kaziranga National Park World Heritage Site. Technical Report No 7, 41 (2005)."},{"key":"1484_CR43","unstructured":"Kushwaha, S.P.S. Mapping of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries: Kaziranga National Park, Assam. Final technical Report. WEI, Dehradun, India, 49 (2008)."},{"issue":"3","key":"1484_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2307\/3808968","volume":"55","author":"E Dinerstein","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dinerstein, E. & Price, L. Demography and Habitat use by Greater One- horned Rhinoceros in Nepal. J. Wild Life Manag. 55(3), 401\u2013411 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Wild Life Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"1484_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.07.002","volume":"68","author":"CM Beale","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beale, C. M. & Monaghan, P. Behavioural responses to human disturbance: A matter of choice?. Anim. Behav. 68(5), 1065\u20131069 (2004).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1484_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534","volume":"49","author":"J Altmann","year":"1974","unstructured":"Altmann, J. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behavior 49(3\u20134), 227\u2013267 (1974).","journal-title":"Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900021743","volume":"18","author":"J Burger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burger, J. & Gochfeld, M. Human distance and birds: tolerance and response distances of resident and migrant species in India. Environ. Conserv. 18(2), 158\u2013165 (1991).","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR48","first-page":"126","volume":"8","author":"S Medhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Medhi, S. & Saikia, M. K. Spatial relationship between mother-calf of Rhinoceros unicornis. Asian J. Conserv. Biol. 8(2), 126\u2013134 (2019).","journal-title":"Asian J. Conserv. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR49","first-page":"221","volume":"9","author":"S Medhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Medhi, S. & Saikia, M. K. The effect of day-night, age-sex and climatic factors on the activity budget of Great Indian One-horned Rhinoceros in Kaziranga National Park, Assam India. Asian J. Conserv. Biol. 9(2), 221\u2013239 (2020).","journal-title":"Asian J. Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"1484_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2005.28.0069","volume":"28","author":"C Geist","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geist, C., Liao, J., Libby, S. & Blumstein, D. T. Does intruder group size and orientation affect flight initiation distance in birds?. Anim. Biodivers. Conserv. 28, 68\u201373 (2005).","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"1484_CR51","first-page":"224","volume-title":"A Primer of Conservation Behavior","author":"DT Blumstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blumstein, D. T. & Fernandez-Juricic, E. A Primer of Conservation Behavior 224 (Sinauer, 2010)."},{"key":"1484_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2193\/2008-576","volume":"74","author":"J Burger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jenkins, C. D. & Lesser, F. Effect of approaching boats on nesting Black Skimmers: Using response distances to establish protective buffer zones. J. Wildl. Manag. 74, 102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2193\/2008-576 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"1484_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.7","volume":"75","author":"MA Weston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weston, M. A., Ehmke, G. & Maguire, G. S. Nest return times in response to static versus mobile human disturbance. J. Wildl. Manag. 75, 252\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jwmg.7 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"1484_CR54","first-page":"628","volume":"105","author":"KJ Gutzwiller","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gutzwiller, K. J. & Marcum, H. A. Avian responses to observer clothing color: Caveats from winter point counts. Wilson Bull. 105, 628\u2013636 (1993).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"1484_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ars040","volume":"23","author":"AP Moller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moller, A. P. & Garamszegi, L. Z. Between individual variation in risk-taking behavior and its life history consequences. Behav. Ecol. 23(4), 843\u2013853 (2012).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1484_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605318001606","volume":"55","author":"JR Muntifering","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muntifering, J. R. et al. Black rhinoceros avoidance of tourist infrastructure and activity: Planning and managing for coexistence. Oryx 55(1), 150\u2013159 (2021).","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"1484_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0360","volume":"54","author":"DL Kramer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kramer, D. L. & Bonenfant, M. Direction of predator approach and the decision to flee to a refuge. Anim. Behav. 54, 289\u2013295 (1997).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"1484_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1139\/z95-014","volume":"73","author":"J Martin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martin, J. & Lopez, P. Influence of habitat structure on the escape tactics of the lizard Psammodromus algirus. Can. J. Zool. 73, 129\u2013132 (1995).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"1484_CR59","first-page":"248","volume":"19","author":"P Henson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Henson, P. & Grant, T. A. The effects of human disturbance on trumpeter swan breeding behavior. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 19, 248\u2013257 (1991).","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"1484_CR60","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research","author":"RL Knight","year":"1995","unstructured":"Knight, R. L. & Temple, S. A. Coexistence Through Management. In Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research 51\u201369 (Island Press, 1995)."},{"issue":"12","key":"1484_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167259","volume":"11","author":"CL Larson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larson, C. L., Reed, S. E., Merenlender, A. M. & Crooks, K. R. Effects of recreation on animals revealed as widespread through a global systematic review. PLoS ONE 11(12), e0167259 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1484_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"B Fruziski","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fruziski, B. Feeding habits of Pink-footed Geese (Anserfabalis brachyrhynchus) in Denmark during the spring passage in April 1975. Danish Rev. Game Biol. 10, 1\u201311 (1977).","journal-title":"Danish Rev. Game Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"1484_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071200","volume":"8","author":"TA Schlacher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schlacher, T. A., Weston, M. A., Lynn, D. & Connolly, R. M. Setback distances as a conservation tool in wildlife-human interactions: testing their efficacy for birds affected by vehicles on open-coast sandy beaches. PLoS ONE 8(9), e71200 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1484_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2000.00404.x","volume":"14","author":"RA Kiltie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kiltie, R. A. Scaling of visual acuity with body size in mammals and birds. Funct. Ecol. 14(2), 226\u2013234 (2000).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"1484_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050252","volume":"38","author":"SL Lima","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lima, S. L. & Zollner, P. A. Anti-predatory vigilance and the limits to collective detection: Visual and spatial separation between foragers. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 38(5), 355\u2013363 (1996).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01484-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01484-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01484-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T08:02:29Z","timestamp":1757059349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01484-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-01484-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Authers declares no financial and non-financial competing interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32366"}}