{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:31:54Z","timestamp":1792629114699,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The severity and progression of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) can vary due to environmental, cultural and genetic factors. The relationship between disease severity and factors that determine the health status of people with ILD living in lower middle-income countries like India has not been evaluated. This study aimed to determine whether there were relationships between disease severity with functional exercise capacity and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among people with ILD in India. This was a prospective, single center observational study. All participants performed Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) % predicted, Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (D<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>CO) % predicted, 6\u00a0min Walk Distance (6MWD), St. George\u2019s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale. Eighty participants with ILD were recruited from September 2020 and December 2022. There were strong correlations between 6MWD with D<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>CO % pred (Spearman rho 0.891) and between SGRQ Total score and D<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>CO % pred (Spearman rho 0.906). There were no correlations between 6MWD and FVC % pred (Spearman rho 0.206) or between SGRQ and FVC % pred (Spearman rho 0.113). This study demonstrated strong correlations between disease severity measured by D<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>CO % pred with both functional exercise capacity and HRQoL in people with ILD in India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01877-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T01:18:22Z","timestamp":1747358302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Relationships between disease severity and measures of health status in people with interstitial lung disease in India: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Revati","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Vaishali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Arun","family":"Maiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswini Kumar","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishak","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita T.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Alison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1877_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-483OE","volume":"172","author":"TE King Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"King, T. E. Jr Clinical advances in the diagnosis and therapy of the interstitial lung diseases. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 172 (3), 268\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200503-483OE (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"1877_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raghu, G. et al. An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (6), 788\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL (2011).","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL"},{"key":"1877_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holland, A. E. & Hill, C. Physical training for interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006322.pub2 (2008).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006322.pub2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972309348654","volume":"7","author":"GH Markovitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Markovitz, G. H. & Cooper, C. B. Review series: rehabilitation in Non COPD: mechanisms of exercise limitation and pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with pulmonary fibrosis\/restrictive lung disease. Chron. Resp. Dis. 7 (1), 47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1479972309348654 (2010).","journal-title":"Chron. Resp. Dis."},{"issue":"9807","key":"1877_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60052-4","volume":"378","author":"TE King Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"King, T. E. Jr, Pardo, A. & Selman, M. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 378 (9807), 1949\u20131961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60052-4 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"1877_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-912OC","volume":"175","author":"JH Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park, J. H. et al. Prognosis of fibrotic interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease\u2013related subtypes. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 175 (7), 705\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200607-912OC (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"1877_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90495-Y","volume":"88","author":"RJ Panos","year":"1990","unstructured":"Panos, R. J., Mortenson, R. L., Niccoli, S. A. & King, T. E. Jr Clinical deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: causes and assessment. Am. J. Med. 88 (4), 396\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90495-Y (1990).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1877_CR8","first-page":"S69","volume":"16","author":"DP Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, D. P. Assessment and follow-up of interstitial lung disease. Indian J. Rheumatol. 16 (Suppl 1), S69\u201378 (2021).","journal-title":"Indian J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1877_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0894CI","volume":"183","author":"B Ley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ley, B., Collard, H. R. & King, T. E. Jr Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 183 (4), 431\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201006-0894CI (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"1877_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201404-145OC","volume":"11","author":"JP Hutchinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hutchinson, J. P., McKeever, T. M., Fogarty, A. W., Navaratnam, V. & Hubbard, R. B. Increasing global mortality from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the twenty-first century. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 11 (8), 1176\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201404-145OC (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"19","key":"1877_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705751","volume":"378","author":"DJ Lederer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lederer, D. J. & Martinez, F. J. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl. J. Med. 378 (19), 1811\u20131823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1705751 (2018).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166462","volume":"12","author":"V Cottin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cottin, V. et al. Burden of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progression: a 5-year longitudinal follow-up study. PLoS One. 12 (1), e0166462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166462 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1022-1","volume":"20","author":"M Kolb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolb, M. & Va\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1, M. The natural history of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Respir Res. 20 (1), 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-019-1022-1 (2019).","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"1877_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST","volume":"205","author":"G Raghu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raghu, G. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: an official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 205 (9), e18\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"1877_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201184","volume":"67","author":"L Richeldi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richeldi, L. et al. Relative versus absolute change in forced vital capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 67 (5), 407\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201184 (2012).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"1877_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00155108","volume":"35","author":"CJ Zappala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zappala, C. J. et al. Marginal decline in forced vital capacity is associated with a poor outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir J. 35 (4), 830\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00155108 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.07.022","volume":"103","author":"A Caminati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Caminati, A., Bianchi, A., Cassandro, R., Mirenda, M. R. & Harari, S. Walking distance on 6-MWT is a prognostic factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med. 103 (1), 117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.07.022 (2009).","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"1877_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972315626014","volume":"13","author":"M Panagiotou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panagiotou, M., Polychronopoulos, V. & Strange, C. Respiratory and lower limb muscle function in interstitial lung disease. Chron. Resp. Dis. 13 (2), 162\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1479972315626014 (2016).","journal-title":"Chron. Resp. Dis."},{"key":"1877_CR19","unstructured":"Camcioglu, B. et al. Respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, dyspnea, fatigue and physical activity in patients with interstitial lung disease. Eur. Respir. J. 44 (Suppl 58) (2014)."},{"issue":"5","key":"1877_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000239553.93443.d8","volume":"12","author":"J De Vries","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Vries, J. & Drent, M. Quality of life and health status in interstitial lung diseases. Curr. Opin. Pulm Med. 12 (5), 354\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mcp.0000239553.93443.d8 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm Med."},{"key":"1877_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1579-1","volume":"22","author":"M Mavroudi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mavroudi, M. et al. Sleep disorders and health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease. Sleep. Breath. 22, 393\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-017-1579-1 (2018).","journal-title":"Sleep. Breath."},{"issue":"2","key":"1877_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20787","volume":"52","author":"D Khanna","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khanna, D. et al. Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the scleroderma lung study. Arthritis Rheum. 52 (2), 592\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.20787 (2005).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"3","key":"1877_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.11.014","volume":"106","author":"AE Holland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holland, A. E., Hill, C. J., Glaspole, I., Goh, N. & McDonald, C. F. Predictors of benefit following pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease. Respir Med. 106 (3), 429\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.11.014 (2012).","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"1877_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olson, A. L., Brown, K. K. & Swigris, J. J. Understanding and optimizing health-related quality of life and physical functional capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patient Relat. Outcome Meas. 29\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PROM.S74857 (2016).","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S74857"},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-0630","volume":"131","author":"WO Villalba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Villalba, W. O. et al. Six-minute walk test for the evaluation of pulmonary disease severity in scleroderma patients. Chest 131 (1), 217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.06-0630 (2007).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"1877_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1484OC","volume":"195","author":"S Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. Interstitial lung disease in India. Results of a prospective registry. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 195 (6), 801\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201607-1484OC (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"1877_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5005\/ijcdas-52-4-207","volume":"52","author":"T Sen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sen, T. & Udwadia, Z. F. Retrospective study of interstitial lung disease in a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 52 (4), 207 (2010).","journal-title":"Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"1877_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0271665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271665","volume":"17","author":"S Dhooria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhooria, S. et al. Incidence, prevalence, and National burden of interstitial lung diseases in India: estimates from two studies of 3089 subjects. PLoS One. 17 (7), e0271665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271665 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"1877_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.192874","volume":"33","author":"G Raghu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raghu, G. & Mehta, S. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in India: insights and lessons from the prospective, landmark ILD-India registry. Lung India. 33 (6), 589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-2113.192874 (2016).","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"1877_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000708","volume":"38","author":"MB Sneider","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sneider, M. B. & Kershaw, C. D. The importance of imaging in the assessment of interstitial lung diseases. J. Thorac. Imaging. 38, S2\u20136 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"1877_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175346662096849","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466620968496","volume":"14","author":"SD Nathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nathan, S. D. et al. HRCT evaluation of patients with interstitial lung disease: comparison of the 2018 and 2011 diagnostic guidelines. Ther. Adv. Respir Dis. 14, 1753466620968496 (2020).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir Dis."},{"key":"1877_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106927","volume":"201","author":"R Amin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amin, R. et al. Effect of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on functional capacity and health-related quality of life in people with interstitial lung disease\u2013A randomized controlled trial protocol. Respir Med. 201, 106927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106927 (2022).","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"1877_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.70.10.866","volume":"70","author":"F Al-Ashkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Ashkar, F., Mehra, R. & Mazzone, P. J. Interpreting pulmonary function tests: recognize the pattern, and the diagnosis will follow. Cleve Clin. J. Med. 70 (10), 866\u2013881 (2003).","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"1877_CR34","unstructured":"Modi, P. & Cascella, M. Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide."},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00194909","volume":"37","author":"C Casanova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Casanova, C. et al. The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries. Eur. Respir J. 37 (1), 150\u2013156 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"issue":"2","key":"1877_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2019.01.002","volume":"25","author":"PI Pedro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pedro, P. I. et al. Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease with the same dyspnea severity. Pulmonology 25 (2), 117\u2013118 (2019).","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1877_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.5.1175","volume":"116","author":"JA Chang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chang, J. A., Curtis, J. R., Patrick, D. L. & Raghu, G. Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease. Chest 116 (5), 1175\u20131182 (1999).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1877_CR38","unstructured":"Campbell, M. J. & Swinscow, T. D. V. Statistics at Square One 11 edn (eds Chichester) (Wiley-Blackwell\/BMJ Books, 2009)."},{"issue":"5","key":"1877_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2008.01312.x","volume":"13","author":"SK Leung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leung, S. K. et al. American thoracic society\/European respiratory society 2005 standardization of DLCO measurement: impact on performance. Respirol 13 (5), 728\u2013730 (2008).","journal-title":"Respirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_414_20","volume":"38","author":"S Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. Survival predictors of interstitial lung disease in India: follow-up of interstitial lung disease India registry. Lung India. 38 (1), 5 (2021).","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.197093","volume":"34","author":"S Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, S. & Singh, N. Current trends of management of respiratory diseases by pulmonologists: results of National conference of pulmonary Disease-2015 survey. Lung India. 34 (1), 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-2113.197093 (2017).","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"1877_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.12.003","volume":"146","author":"M Alsumrain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alsumrain, M. et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema as a clinicoradiologic entity: characterization of presenting lung fibrosis and implications for survival. Respir Med. 146, 106\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.12.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"1877_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacob, J. et al. Functional and prognostic effects when emphysema complicates idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir J. 50 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00379-2017 (2017).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00379-2017"},{"key":"1877_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.ats3-00","volume":"161","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment: international consensus statement. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 161, 646\u2013664 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"1877_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.6.1627","volume":"117","author":"TY Martinez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Martinez, T. Y. et al. Evaluation of the short-form 36-item questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 117 (6), 1627\u20131632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.117.6.1627 (2000).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9779","key":"1877_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60405-4","volume":"377","author":"PW Noble","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noble, P. W. et al. Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials. Lancet 377 (9779), 1760\u20131769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60405-4 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200705-732OC","volume":"177","author":"TE King Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"King, T. E. Jr et al. BUILD-1: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of Bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 177 (1), 75\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200705-732OC (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201011-1874OC","volume":"184","author":"TE King Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"King, T. E. Jr et al. BUILD-3: a randomized, controlled trial of Bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 184 (1), 92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201011-1874OC (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"1877_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113354","volume":"366","author":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network","year":"2012","unstructured":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl. J. Med. 366 (21), 1968\u20131977 (2012).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"1877_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.035436","volume":"60","author":"JJ Egan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egan, J. J., Martinez, F. J., Wells, A. U. & Williams, T. Lung function estimates in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the potential for a simple classification. Thorax 60 (4), 270\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2004.035436 (2005).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"1877_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200211-1311OC","volume":"168","author":"HR Collard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Collard, H. R. et al. Changes in clinical and physiologic variables predict survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 168 (5), 538\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200211-1311OC (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"1877_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.27","volume":"12","author":"M Hanada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanada, M. et al. Aerobic and breathing exercises improve dyspnea, exercise capacity and quality of life in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Thorac. Dis. 12 (3), 1041 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"1877_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103690","volume":"365","author":"L Richeldi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richeldi, L. et al. Efficacy of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl. J. Med. 365 (12), 1079\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1103690 (2011).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"22","key":"1877_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","volume":"370","author":"L Richeldi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richeldi, L. et al. INPULSIS trial investigators. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl. J. Med. 370 (22), 2071\u20132082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584 (2014).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"1877_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.2.9709008","volume":"158","author":"A Xaubet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xaubet, A. et al. Pulmonary function tests and CT scan in the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 158 (2), 431\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm.158.2.9709008 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"1877_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-6-201209180-00003","volume":"157","author":"MR Horton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horton, M. R. et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 157 (6), 398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-157-6-201209180-00003 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1877_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0503-3","volume":"18","author":"T Furukawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Furukawa, T. et al. The St. George\u2019s respiratory questionnaire as a prognostic factor in IPF. Respir Res. 18 (1), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-017-0503-3 (2017).","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"1877_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel221","volume":"46","author":"L Beretta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beretta, L., Santaniello, A., Lemos, A., Masciocchi, M. & Scorza, R. Validity of the saint George\u2019s respiratory questionnaire in the evaluation of the health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 46 (2), 296\u2013301 (2007).","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1877_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1332","volume":"142","author":"CE Berry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry, C. E. et al. Relationship between lung function impairment and health-related quality of life in COPD and interstitial lung disease. Chest 142 (3), 704\u2013711 (2012).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"1877_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.6.1748","volume":"104","author":"TJ LoRusso","year":"1993","unstructured":"LoRusso, T. J., Belman, M. J., Elashoff, J. D. & Koerner, S. K. Prediction of maximal exercise capacity in obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disease. Chest 104 (6), 1748\u20131754 (1993).","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01877-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01877-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01877-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T01:18:27Z","timestamp":1747358307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-01877-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-01877-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16985"}}