{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:44:57Z","timestamp":1789771497381,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020864","name":"Madda Walabu University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02112-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T14:36:01Z","timestamp":1748442961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Index case testing uptake and determinants among HIV clients attending Shashemene town public health facilities, Southern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Feyisso","family":"Shaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furi","family":"Megerso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonso","family":"Ami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Abdulhakim","family":"Daud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2112_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fact sheet 2024\u2014Latest global and regional HIV statistics on the status of the AIDS epidemic (2024)."},{"key":"2112_CR2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global AIDS Monitoring 2024 Indicators and questions for monitoring progress on the 2021 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS UNAIDS 2023 GUIDANCE 2 (2021)."},{"key":"2112_CR3","unstructured":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). HIV Related Estimates and Projections in Ethiopia for the Year 2022\u20132023 Addis Ababa. HIV Relat Estim Proj Ethiop Year (2023)."},{"issue":"8","key":"2112_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272405","volume":"17","author":"L Frescura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frescura, L. et al. Achieving the 95 95 95 targets for all: A pathway to ending AIDS. PLoS ONE 17(8), e0272405 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2112_CR5","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fast Track: Ending the HIV\/AIDS epidemic by 2030 (2020)."},{"key":"2112_CR6","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2024 global AIDS report\u2014The Urgency of Now: AIDS at a Crossroads. Available from: http:\/\/www.wipo.int\/ (2024)."},{"issue":"13","key":"2112_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186776","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001555","volume":"31","author":"S Dalal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dalal, S. et al. Improving HIV test uptake and case finding with assisted partner notification services. AIDS. 31(13), 186776 (2017).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"2112_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00602-4","volume":"19","author":"R Sundararajan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sundararajan, R., Ponticiello, M., Nansera, D., Jeremiah, K. & Muyindike, W. Interventions to increase HIV testing uptake in global settings. Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep. 19(3), 184-193 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"2112_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00023-0","volume":"8","author":"G Chamie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chamie, G., Napierala, S., Agot, K. & Thirumurthy, H. HIV testing approaches to reach the first UNAIDS 95% target in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet HIV 8, e225-236 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2112_CR10","unstructured":"WHO. HIV statistics, globally and by WHO region (2024)."},{"issue":"74","key":"2112_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.018","volume":"1","author":"M Katbi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katbi, M. et al. Effect of clients Strategic Index Case Testing on community-based detection of HIV infections (STRICT study). Int. J. Infect. Dis. 1(74), 54\u201360 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2112_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212762","volume":"14","author":"M Jubilee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jubilee, M. et al. HIV index testing to improve HIV positivity rate and linkage to care and treatment of sexual partners, adolescents and children of PLHIV in Lesotho. PLoS ONE 14(3), e0212762 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2112_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280623","volume":"18","author":"N Mugisha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mugisha, N. et al. Implementation process and challenges of index testing in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire from healthcare workers\u2019 perspectives. PLoS ONE 18(2), e0280623 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2112_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahachi, N. et al. Sustained high HIV case\u2010finding through index testing and partner notification services: experiences from three provinces in Zimbabwe. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25321\/full (2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25321\/full"},{"key":"2112_CR15","unstructured":"CHASS. Implementation of Community Index Case Testing Approach (2017)."},{"key":"2112_CR16","unstructured":"Fhi360. Index Testing, Risk Network Referral (RNR), Enhanced Peer Outreach Approach (EPOA): What\u2019s the Difference? (2019)."},{"key":"2112_CR17","unstructured":"FMOH. HIV national strategic plan 2023\/24  2026\/27 (2023)."},{"key":"2112_CR18","unstructured":"WHO. Policy brief: Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services for a changing epidemic, Geneva, Vol. 33, AIDS (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2019)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2112_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13505-1","volume":"22","author":"MB Feyasa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feyasa, M. B., Gebre, M. N. & Dadi, T. K. Levels of HIV\/AIDS stigma and associated factors among sexually active Ethiopians: analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Public Health 22(1), 1080 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2112_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S295110","volume":"13","author":"E Turi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turi, E. et al. High perceived stigma among people living with HIV\/AIDS in a resource limited setting in Western Ethiopia: The effect of depression and low social support. HIV\/AIDS - Res. Palliat. Care 13, 389\u2013397 (2021).","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS - Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"2112_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S372795","volume":"14","author":"M Edosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edosa, M., Merdassa, E. & Turi, E. Acceptance of index case HIV testing and its associated factors among HIV\/AIDS clients on ART follow-up in West Ethiopia: A multi-centered facility-based cross-sectional study. HIV AIDS Res. Palliat. Care 14, 451\u2013460 (2022).","journal-title":"HIV AIDS Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"2112_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469580241271185","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580241271185","volume":"61","author":"E Assefa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Assefa, E. & Figa, Z. Acceptance of the index case HIV testing and associated factors among anti-retroviral therapy patients in public health facilities in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study design with document review. Inquiry 61, 469580241271185 (2024).","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"2112_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S344100","volume":"14","author":"Y Wegu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wegu, Y., Sileshi, T. & Melis, T. Assessment of index case family testing among adults attending art clinic at Kule Refugee Camp, Southwest Ethiopia: 2021. HIV AIDS Res. Palliat. Care 14, 13\u201321 (2022).","journal-title":"HIV AIDS Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"2112_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.33696\/AIDS.6.050","volume":"6","author":"L Asmare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asmare, L., Yigzaw, Z. & Alemu, T. Magnitude of HIV index case testing among HIV positive clients attending ART clinic in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023. J. AIDS HIV Treat. 6, 37\u201343 (2023).","journal-title":"J. AIDS HIV Treat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2112_CR25","first-page":"14","volume":"26","author":"F Seyoum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seyoum, F., Belachew, G., Beyene, G. B. & Atinafu, W. T. Magnitude and factors associated with partner and family-based index case HIV testing among clients on anti-retroviral therapy follow-ups at Holeta Health Centre, Oromia, Ethiopia. Afr. J. Nurs. Midwifery 26(1), 14 (2024).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Nurs. Midwifery"},{"key":"2112_CR26","first-page":"23","volume":"1","author":"MA Hussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussen, M. A., Kadire, D., Kefeni, B. T., Abdu, Z. & Chilo, E. Index case HIV testing uptake and its associated factors at Oromia, Ethiopia. J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care 1, 23 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"2112_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2023.2216007","volume":"35","author":"TH Uma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uma, T. H. & Bedada, H. G. Assessment of the proportion and the factors associated with partner and family-based index case HIV testing in Woliso Town, Oromia, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. AIDS Care 35(9), 1322\u20131328 (2023).","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2112_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264249","volume":"17","author":"AL Stangl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stangl, A. L. et al. Removing the societal and legal impediments to the HIV response: An evidence-based framework for 2025 and beyond. PLoS ONE 17(2), e0264249 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2112_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231199521","volume":"35","author":"MM Shallangwa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shallangwa, M. M. et al. Sociodemographic factors associated with acceptance of index case testing among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus-positive clients in southern borno, Nigeria. Int. J. STD AIDS 35(1), 4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624231199521 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"2112_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230988","volume":"15","author":"HA Yumo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yumo, H. A. et al. Parental and child-level predictors of HIV testing uptake, seropositivity and treatment initiation among children and adolescents in Cameroon. PLoS ONE 15(4), e0230988 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2112_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2022.103035","volume":"161","author":"H Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, H. Social stigma as a barrier to HIV testing: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Mozambique. J. Dev. Econ. 161, 103035 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2112_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6156-4","volume":"18","author":"S Thapa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thapa, S. et al. Stigma reduction in relation to HIV test uptake in low- and middle-income countries: A realist review. BMC Public Health 18(1), 1277 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2112_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sullivan, T. P. The intersection of intimate partner violence and HIV: Detection, disclosure, discussion, and implications for treatment adherence. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10249079100 (2019).","DOI":"10.1177\/10249079100"},{"issue":"2","key":"2112_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003818","volume":"5","author":"M Sanena","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sanena, M. et al. Intimate partner violence among HIV index case testing clients in Malawi, a mixed-methods study. PLOS Glob. Public Health 5(2), e0003818 (2025).","journal-title":"PLOS Glob. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2112_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00305-8","volume":"10","author":"S Kuchukhidze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuchukhidze, S. et al. The effects of intimate partner violence on women\u2019s risk of HIV acquisition and engagement in the HIV treatment and care cascade: A pooled analysis of nationally representative surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet HIV 10(2), e107\u2013e117 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02112-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02112-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02112-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T14:36:06Z","timestamp":1748442966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02112-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02112-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18712"}}