{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T04:02:07Z","timestamp":1747454527488,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaoxing Health Science and Technology Project","award":["2022KY012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017577","name":"Basic public welfare research program of Zhejiang Province.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["grant no. LGF22H040009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. LGF22H040009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017577","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02243-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T05:50:47Z","timestamp":1747374647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The causal effects of systemic antioxidant capacity on male infertility: A two-sample mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaodong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","volume":"326","author":"SA Carson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carson, S. A. & Kallen, A. N. Diagnosis and management of infertility: A review. JAMA 326, 65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.4788 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2243_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00459-w","volume":"9","author":"ML Eisenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eisenberg, M. L. et al. Male infertility. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 9, 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-023-00459-w (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"2243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv016","volume":"21","author":"MC Inhorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Inhorn, M. C. & Patrizio, P. Infertility around the Globe: new thinking on gender, reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century. Hum. Reprod. Update. 21, 411\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmv016 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"2243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.002","volume":"4","author":"H Sies","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sies, H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol. 4, 180\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.002 (2015).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"2243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701","volume":"55","author":"K Apel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Apel, K. & Hirt, H. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 55, 373\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"2243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0040031","volume":"4","author":"D Sakkas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sakkas, D. et al. Origin of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Rev. Reprod. 4, 31\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ror.0.0040031 (1999).","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"2243_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12353","volume":"20","author":"T Takeshima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takeshima, T. et al. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Reprod. Med. Biol. 20, 41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmb2.12353 (2021).","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03253-8","volume":"77","author":"E Barati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barati, E., Nikzad, H. & Karimian, M. Oxidative stress and male infertility: current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 77, 93\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-019-03253-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.69","volume":"14","author":"S Bisht","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bisht, S., Faiq, M., Tolahunase, M. & Dada, R. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat. Rev. Urol. 14, 470\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2017.69 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2243_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14587","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14587","volume":"54","author":"Z Caliskan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caliskan, Z., Kucukgergin, C., Aktan, G., Kadioglu, A. & Ozdemirler, G. Evaluation of sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility. Andrologia 54, e14587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.14587 (2022).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2243_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.06.023","volume":"37","author":"D Santi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santi, D., Spaggiari, G. & Simoni, M. Sperm DNA fragmentation index as a promising predictive tool for male infertility diagnosis and treatment management - meta-analyses. Reprod. Biomed. Online. 37, 315\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.06.023 (2018).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"2243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.05.057","volume":"87","author":"M Benchaib","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benchaib, M. et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome. Fertil. Steril. 87, 93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.05.057 (2007).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"2243_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-1097-5","volume":"322","author":"SE Lewis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewis, S. E. & Aitken, R. J. DNA damage to spermatozoa has impacts on fertilization and pregnancy. Cell. Tissue Res. 322, 33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-005-1097-5 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"key":"2243_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergsma, A. T. et al. Local and systemic oxidative stress biomarkers for male infertility: the ORION study. Antioxid. (Basel). 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11061045 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061045"},{"key":"2243_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068490","volume":"8","author":"J Guz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guz, J. et al. Comparison of oxidative Stress\/DNA damage in semen and blood of fertile and infertile men. PLoS One. 8, e68490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0068490 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28442","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028442","volume":"101","author":"J Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, J., Han, R., Cui, T., Yang, C. & Wang, S. Effects of high serum uric acid levels on oxidative stress levels and semen parameters in male infertile patients. Med. (Baltim). 101, e28442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000028442 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"2243_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v17i3.4515","volume":"17","author":"A Chinyere Nsonwu-Anyanwu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chinyere Nsonwu-Anyanwu, A. et al. Heavy metals, biomarkers of oxidative stress and changes in sperm function: A case-control study. Int. J. Reprod. Biomed. 17, 163\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijrm.v17i3.4515 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"2243_CR18","first-page":"38","volume":"47","author":"MB Shamsi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shamsi, M. B. et al. Antioxidant levels in blood and seminal plasma and their impact on sperm parameters in infertile men. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 47, 38\u201343 (2010).","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"2243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","volume":"27","author":"DA Lawlor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A., Timpson, N. & Davey Smith, G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat. Med. 27, 1133\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3034 (2008).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"2243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith, G. D. & Ebrahim, S. Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to Understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int. J. Epidemiol. 32, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyg070 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ference, B. A., Holmes, M. V. & Smith, G. D. Using Mendelian randomization to improve the design of randomized trials. Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Med. 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a040980 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040980"},{"key":"2243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0175-2","volume":"558","author":"BB Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, B. B. et al. Genomic atlas of the human plasma proteome. Nature 558, 73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0175-2 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2243_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2982","volume":"46","author":"SY Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin, S. Y. et al. An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites. Nat. Genet. 46, 543\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.2982 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2243_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279058","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1279058","volume":"14","author":"XB Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, X. B., Niu, Z. H., Fan, W. M., Sheng, C. S. & Chen, Q. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of male infertility: a Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 14, 1279058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1279058 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2243_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, W., You, Y., Yu, T. & Li, J. Insights into Modifiable Risk Factors of Infertility: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 14, (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14194042","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194042"},{"key":"2243_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0303827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303827","volume":"19","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, T. & Chen, Q. Causal relationship between ulcerative colitis and male infertility: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One. 19, e0303827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0303827 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2243_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338077","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1338077","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. et al. Causal associations of male infertility with stroke: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 15, 1338077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1338077 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2243_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37346","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037346","volume":"103","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Wen, T. & Wang, D. The association between COVID-19 and infertility: Mendelian randomization analysis. Med. (Baltim). 103, e37346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000037346 (2024).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"2243_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0308815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308815","volume":"19","author":"B Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Multiple sclerosis and abnormal spermatozoa: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One. 19, e0308815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308815 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2243_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq151","volume":"40","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pierce, B. L., Ahsan, H. & Vanderweele, T. J. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 740\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq151 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2243_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Thompson, S. G. & Collaboration, C. C. G. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 755\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyr036 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2243_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect Estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44, 512\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv080 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000559","volume":"28","author":"S Burgess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Bowden, J., Fall, T., Ingelsson, E. & Thompson, S. G. Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from Mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants. Epidemiology 28, 30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000559 (2017).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck, M., Chen, C. Y., Neale, B. & Do, R. Detection of widespread horizontal Pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat. Genet. 50, 693\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2243_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65109-9","volume":"167","author":"JP Jarow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jarow, J. P. et al. Best practice policies for male infertility. J. Urol. 167, 2138\u20132144 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"2243_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","volume":"96","author":"NE Skakkebaek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skakkebaek, N. E. et al. Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol. Rev. 96, 55\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015 (2016).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaltsas, A. et al. Impact of advanced paternal age on fertility and risks of genetic disorders in offspring. Genes (Basel). 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14020486 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020486"},{"key":"2243_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2022-0487","volume":"20","author":"AK Brinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brinson, A. K., da Silva, S. G., Hesketh, K. R. & Evenson, K. R. Impact of physical activity and sedentary behavior on spontaneous female and male fertility: A systematic review. J. Phys. Act. Health. 20, 600\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2022-0487 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"2243_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0436-9","volume":"16","author":"A Ilacqua","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ilacqua, A., Izzo, G., Emerenziani, G. P., Baldari, C. & Aversa, A. Lifestyle and fertility: the influence of stress and quality of life on male fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 16, 115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-018-0436-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2243_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2023.102393","volume":"90","author":"D Ameratunga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ameratunga, D., Gebeh, A. & Amoako, A. Obesity and male infertility. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 90, 102393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2023.102393 (2023).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"2243_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2023.119573","volume":"1871","author":"D Averill-Bates","year":"2024","unstructured":"Averill-Bates, D. Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling. Review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Res. 1871, 119573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2023.119573 (2024).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Res."},{"key":"2243_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613","volume":"5","author":"E Birben","year":"2012","unstructured":"Birben, E., Sahiner, U. M., Sackesen, C., Erzurum, S. & Kalayci, O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ. J. 5, 9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613 (2012).","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"2243_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041510305","volume":"151","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Buckingham, D. W. & West, K. M. Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa: analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence. J. Cell. Physiol. 151, 466\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.1041510305 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2243_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12966-7_1","volume":"1391","author":"CJ Raj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raj, C. J. et al. Deciphering the Nexus between oxidative stress and spermatogenesis: A compendious overview. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1391, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-12966-7_1 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2243_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122203","volume":"16","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., Smith, T. B., Jobling, M. S., Baker, M. A. & De Iuliis, G. N. Oxidative stress and male reproductive health. Asian J. Androl. 16, 31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1008-682X.122203 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"2243_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav015","volume":"21","author":"VW Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, V. W. et al. Sperm fucosyltransferase-5 mediates spermatozoa-oviductal epithelial cell interaction to protect human spermatozoa from oxidative damage. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 21, 516\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gav015 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2243_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.2741\/s495","volume":"9","author":"S Bisht","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bisht, S. & Dada, R. Oxidative stress: major executioner in disease pathology, role in sperm DNA damage and preventive strategies. Front. Biosci. (Schol Ed). 9, 420\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/s495 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Schol Ed)"},{"key":"2243_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00943.x","volume":"32","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J., De Iuliis, G. N. & McLachlan, R. I. Biological and clinical significance of DNA damage in the male germ line. Int. J. Androl. 32, 46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00943.x (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"2243_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24494","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25075","volume":"9","author":"C Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Is male infertility associated with increased oxidative stress in seminal plasma? A-meta analysis. Oncotarget 9, 24494\u201324513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.25075 (2018).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02243-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02243-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02243-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T05:50:48Z","timestamp":1747374648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02243-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02243-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17009"}}