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The development of new therapies for BPH requires a deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and cellular components of BPH. Single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed on prostate tissue from 15 patients undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for treatment of BPH. Clustering and differential expression analysis on aligned single-cell RNA-seq data was performed to annotate all cell types. 16,234 cells were analyzed and specific stromal, epithelial, and immune subgroups were found to be strongly associated with inflammation. A rare luminal subgroup was identified and pseudotime analysis indicated this luminal subgroup might give rise to other luminal cells. Using a gene set derived from epithelial stem cells, we found that this luminal subgroup had a significantly higher stem cell signature score than all other epithelial subgroups, suggesting this subgroup is a luminal precursor state. Ligand-receptor interactions between stromal, epithelial, and immune cells were explored with CellPhoneDB. Significant interactions involving MIF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes epithelial cell growth and inflammatory response in the prostate, were identified between the progenitor-like luminal subgroup and both fibroblasts and macrophages. Our single-cell profiling of BPH provides a roadmap for investigating inflammation-linked cell subgroups and highlights a progenitor-like luminal subgroup interacting with other cell groups via\n                    <jats:italic>MIF<\/jats:italic>\n                    that may contribute to the inflammation and cell proliferation phenotype associated with BPH.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02417-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T15:26:58Z","timestamp":1773502018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A single cell transcriptional profile of benign prostatic hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rei","family":"Unno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Akutagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keliana","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-An","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia H.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin W.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"2417_CR1","first-page":"S3","volume":"7","author":"CG Roehrborn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roehrborn, C. 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