{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T04:11:00Z","timestamp":1747973460814,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971624, 82271999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971624, 82271999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cross-Innovation Talent Project of People\u2019s Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["JCRCYR-2022-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCRCYR-2022-011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02626-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T11:45:09Z","timestamp":1747914309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trans-ethnic Mendelian randomization analysis of membranous nephropathy and peripheral artery disease with mediating effects of thrombomodulin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juhong","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2626_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00663-9","volume":"19","author":"J Golledge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Golledge, J. Update on the pathophysiology and medical treatment of peripheral artery disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 19, 456\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-021-00663-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"2626_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001005","volume":"144","author":"MH Criqui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Criqui, M. H. et al. Lower extremity peripheral artery disease: contemporary epidemiology, management gaps, and future directions: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 144, e171\u2013e191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001005 (2021).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2626_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, X. et al. Similarities and differences in peripheral artery disease between China and Western countries. J Vasc Surg 74, 1417\u20131424 e1411 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.03.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.03.030"},{"key":"2626_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318243","volume":"128","author":"EL Hackler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hackler, E. L. 3, Hamburg, N. M., White Solaru, K. T. & rd, & Racial and ethnic disparities in peripheral artery disease. Circ. Res. 128, 1913\u20131926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318243 (2021).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2626_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","volume":"382","author":"FG Fowkes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fowkes, F. G. et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet 382, 1329\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2626_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849","volume":"116","author":"MH Criqui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Criqui, M. H. & Aboyans, V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ. Res. 116, 1509\u20131526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849 (2015).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2626_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535","volume":"128","author":"AW Aday","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aday, A. W. & Matsushita, K. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease and polyvascular disease. Circ. Res. 128, 1818\u20131832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535 (2021).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2626_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Visseren, F. L. J. et al. ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 42, 3227\u20133337 (2021). (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484"},{"key":"2626_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043811","volume":"15","author":"P Ronco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronco, P. & Debiec, H. Molecular pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 15, 287\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043811 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"2626_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2018-135729","volume":"95","author":"KC Keri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keri, K. C., Blumenthal, S., Kulkarni, V., Beck, L. & Chongkrairatanakul, T. Primary membranous nephropathy: comprehensive review and historical perspective. Postgrad. Med. J. 95, 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/postgradmedj-2018-135729 (2019).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"2626_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e614","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.614","volume":"5","author":"M Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, M., Yang, J., Fang, X., Lin, W. & Yang, Y. Membranous nephropathy: pathogenesis and treatments. MedComm (2020). 5, e614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.614 (2024).","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"2626_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00303-z","volume":"7","author":"P Ronco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ronco, P. et al. Membranous nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 7, 69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-021-00303-z (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"2626_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00564-1","volume":"18","author":"E Hoxha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoxha, E., Reinhard, L. & Stahl, R. A. K. Membranous nephropathy: new pathogenic mechanisms and their clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 18, 466\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-022-00564-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"2626_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72270","volume":"124","author":"LH Beck Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beck, L. H. Jr. & Salant, D. J. Membranous nephropathy: from models to man. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 2307\u20132314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI72270 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2626_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.06.005","volume":"31","author":"A Mehta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta, A. et al. Premature atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease: an underrecognized and undertreated disorder with a rising global prevalence. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 31, 351\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.06.005 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"2626_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00616-6","volume":"18","author":"K Matsushita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsushita, K. et al. Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 18, 696\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-022-00616-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"2626_CR17","first-page":"24","volume":"72","author":"K Dusek","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dusek, K. [Intensive care units in psychiatry (author\u2019s transl)]. Cesk. Psychiatr. 72, 24\u201327 (1976).","journal-title":"Cesk. Psychiatr"},{"key":"2626_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.4115","volume":"9","author":"MG Levin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Levin, M. G. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization as a tool for cardiovascular research: A review. JAMA Cardiol. 9, 79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.4115 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"2626_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"oead056","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oead056","volume":"3","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, S. et al. Circulating proteins and peripheral artery disease risk: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses. Eur. Heart J. Open. 3, oead056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjopen\/oead056 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Open."},{"key":"2626_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.66537","volume":"17","author":"J Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen, J., Zhao, M., Zhang, C. & Sun, X. IL-1beta in atherosclerotic vascular calcification: from bench to bedside. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 17, 4353\u20134364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.66537 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2626_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma, K. et al. The emerging role of Pericyte-Derived extracellular vesicles in vascular and neurological health. Cells 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11193108 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193108"},{"key":"2626_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02062-5","volume":"22","author":"L Kong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kong, L. et al. Opposite causal effects of birthweight on myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation and the distinct mediating pathways: a Mendelian randomization study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 22, 338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02062-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"2626_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01646-1","volume":"7","author":"CJ Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, C. J. et al. Mendelian randomization evidence for the causal effects of socio-economic inequality on human longevity among Europeans. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 1357\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-023-01646-1 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"2626_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2233","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2233","volume":"375","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova, V. W. et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. BMJ 375, n2233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n2233 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2626_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15383-w","volume":"11","author":"J Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, J. et al. The genetic architecture of membranous nephropathy and its potential to improve non-invasive diagnosis. Nat. Commun. 11, 1600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-15383-w (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2626_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","volume":"613","author":"MI Kurki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurki, M. I. et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature 613, 508\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2626_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","volume":"562","author":"C Bycroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bycroft, C. et al. The UK biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 562, 203\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2626_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0184-y","volume":"50","author":"W Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, W. et al. Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies. Nat. Genet. 50, 1335\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0184-y (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2626_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx028","volume":"45","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G. & Davey Smith, G. Two-sample Mendelian randomization: avoiding the downsides of a powerful, widely applicable but potentially fallible technique. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45, 1717\u20131726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyx028 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2626_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","volume":"526","author":"A Auton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Auton, A. et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526, 68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15393 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2626_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr323","volume":"175","author":"MM Glymour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glymour, M. M., Tchetgen, T., Robins, J. M. & E. J. & Credible Mendelian randomization studies: approaches for evaluating the instrumental variable assumptions. Am. J. Epidemiol. 175, 332\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr323 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2626_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie, R. et al. Mitochondrial proteins as therapeutic targets in diabetic ketoacidosis: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis. Front. Pharmacol. 15 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1448505 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1448505"},{"key":"2626_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152433","volume":"16","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Causal relationship between meat intake and biological aging: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis. Nutrients 16, 2433 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2626_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq151","volume":"40","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pierce, B. L., Ahsan, H. & Vanderweele, T. J. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 740\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq151 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2626_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010013","volume":"13","author":"S Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Lipid profiles, telomere length, and the risk of malignant tumors: A Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis. Biomedicines 13, 13 (2025).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2626_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Butterworth, A. & Thompson, S. G. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet. Epidemiol. 37, 658\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.21758 (2013).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2626_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14869","volume":"25","author":"L Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, L., Wan, B. & Sun, M. Mendelian randomization identifies age at menarche as an independent causal effect factor for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 25, 248\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14869 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"2626_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7387","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205765","volume":"16","author":"X Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan, X. et al. New insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization: causal relationships between telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in aging biomarkers. Aging 16, 7387\u20137404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.205765 (2024).","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"2626_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001618","volume":"11","author":"RC Richmond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richmond, R. C. et al. Assessing causality in the association between child adiposity and physical activity levels: a Mendelian randomization analysis. PLoS Med. 11, e1001618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001618 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2626_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad736","volume":"44","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larsson, S. C., Butterworth, A. S. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization for cardiovascular diseases: principles and applications. Eur. Heart J. 44, 4913\u20134924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad736 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"2626_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686","volume":"143","author":"J Jankowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jankowski, J., Floege, J., Fliser, D., Bohm, M. & Marx, N. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic options. Circulation 143, 1157\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686 (2021).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2626_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0268-7","volume":"16","author":"EF Carney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carney, E. F. The impact of chronic kidney disease on global health. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-020-0268-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"2626_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad083","volume":"119","author":"C Zoccali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zoccali, C. et al. Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease: a review from the European renal and cardiovascular medicine working group of the European renal association. Cardiovasc. Res. 119, 2017\u20132032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvad083 (2023).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"2626_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1637-y","volume":"20","author":"H Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou, H., Li, Y. & Xu, G. Management of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy in patients with primary membranous nephropathy. BMC Nephrol. 20, 442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1637-y (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"2626_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.312","volume":"81","author":"SJ Barbour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barbour, S. J. et al. Disease-specific risk of venous thromboembolic events is increased in idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 81, 190\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.312 (2012).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2626_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.12.041","volume":"89","author":"T Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, T. et al. Patients with primary membranous nephropathy are at high risk of cardiovascular events. Kidney Int. 89, 1111\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2015.12.041 (2016).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2626_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vestergaard, S. V. et al. Risk of Arterial Thromboembolism, Venous Thromboembolism, and Bleeding in Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Med 135, 615\u2013625 e619 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.11.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.11.018"},{"key":"2626_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.018","volume":"307","author":"WC Schrottmaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schrottmaier, W. C., Mussbacher, M., Salzmann, M. & Assinger, A. Platelet-leukocyte interplay during vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 307, 109\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.018 (2020).","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2626_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574997","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574997","volume":"11","author":"M Cremoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cremoni, M. et al. Th17-Immune response in patients with membranous nephropathy is associated with thrombosis and relapses. Front. Immunol. 11, 574997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574997 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2626_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.028","volume":"100","author":"GB Lerner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lerner, G. B., Virmani, S., Henderson, J. M., Francis, J. M. & Beck, L. H. Jr. A conceptual framework linking immunology, pathology, and clinical features in primary membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int. 100, 289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2021.03.028 (2021).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2626_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575890","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575890","volume":"11","author":"K Watanabe-Kusunoki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watanabe-Kusunoki, K., Nakazawa, D., Ishizu, A. & Atsumi, T. Thrombomodulin as a physiological modulator of intravascular injury. Front. Immunol. 11, 575890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575890 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2626_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sega, V. D. Circulating biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in predicting clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231810641 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810641"},{"key":"2626_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e194","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1801-2055","volume":"6","author":"M Boron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boron, M., Hauzer-Martin, T., Keil, J. & Sun, X. L. Circulating thrombomodulin: release mechanisms, measurements, and levels in diseases and medical procedures. TH. Open. 6, e194\u2013e212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1801-2055 (2022).","journal-title":"TH. Open."},{"key":"2626_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.39.8.983","volume":"39","author":"Y Iwashima","year":"1990","unstructured":"Iwashima, Y. et al. Elevation of plasma thrombomodulin level in diabetic patients with early diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 39, 983\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.39.8.983 (1990).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2626_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109273","volume":"249","author":"Q Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, Q. et al. A spectrum of novel anti-vascular endothelial cells autoantibodies in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome patients. Clin. Immunol. 249, 109273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109273 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2626_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04004-w","volume":"56","author":"Q Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, Q. & Xu, G. Causal association between cardiovascular proteins and membranous nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 56, 2705\u20132714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-024-04004-w (2024).","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"2626_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.0562f.x","volume":"2","author":"VE Gerdes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gerdes, V. E. et al. Soluble thrombomodulin in patients with established atherosclerosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2, 200\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.0562f.x (2004).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"2626_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-003-0212-5","volume":"36","author":"Y Yoshii","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yoshii, Y. et al. Expression of thrombomodulin in human aortic smooth muscle cells with special reference to atherosclerotic lesion types and age differences. Med. Electron. Microsc. 36, 165\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00795-003-0212-5 (2003).","journal-title":"Med. Electron. Microsc"},{"key":"2626_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miceli, G., Basso, M. G., Rizzo, G., Pintus, C. & Tuttolomondo, A. The role of the coagulation system in peripheral arterial disease: interactions with the arterial wall and its vascular microenvironment and implications for rational therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232314914 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314914"},{"key":"2626_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657719","volume":"78","author":"K Oida","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oida, K. et al. Effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein on thrombomodulin expression by THP-1 cells. Thromb. Haemost. 78, 1228\u20131233 (1997).","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"2626_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, M. H. et al. Trans-ethnic and Ancestry-Specific Blood-Cell Genetics in 746,667 Individuals from 5 Global Populations. Cell 182, 1198\u20131213 e1114 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.045"},{"key":"2626_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab316","volume":"118","author":"T Munzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Munzel, T. et al. Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive expert review. Cardiovasc. Res. 118, 2880\u20132902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvab316 (2022).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"2626_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dominguez, L. J. et al. Healthy aging and dietary patterns. Nutrients 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14040889 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040889"},{"key":"2626_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4","volume":"7","author":"P Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, P. et al. Global, regional, and National prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated systematic review and analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 7, e1020\u2013e1030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02626-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02626-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02626-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T11:45:09Z","timestamp":1747914309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02626-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02626-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The current study utilized published and publicly available summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which were obtained from reputable consortia or research projects. Ethical approval and informed consent details are available in the respective GWAS publications referenced in this work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent statement and ethics approval statement"}}],"article-number":"17800"}}