{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T16:27:21Z","timestamp":1792945641167,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02645-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:46:47Z","timestamp":1747734407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence and predictors of lost to follow up among children receiving antiretroviral therapy a computing risk regression model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gebrehiwot Berie","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birara Ayichew","family":"Tilaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikadie Dagnew","family":"Baye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demewoz","family":"Kefale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menigstu","family":"Ewunetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigabu Munye","family":"Aytenew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshiambaw","family":"Eshetie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gashaw","family":"Kerebeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigabu Desie","family":"Emiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biruk","family":"Demissie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addisu Assfaw","family":"Ayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruck Tesfaye","family":"Legesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wubet Tazeb","family":"Wondie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amare","family":"Kassaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakachew Yismaw","family":"Bazezew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temesgen Lingerh","family":"Endalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kidist Hunegn","family":"Setargew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astewle Andargie","family":"Baye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2645_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34706","volume":"118","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cohen, M. S. et al. The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic. J. Clin. Investig. 118(4), 1244\u20131254 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"2645_CR2","unstructured":"Orginization, W. H. HIV and AIDS. (2024)."},{"key":"2645_CR3","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Taking Stock: HIV in Children: the State of Affairs (World Health Organization, 2006)."},{"key":"2645_CR4","unstructured":"Yayehirad, A. M. et al. Rate of immunological failure and its predictors among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy at Debremarkos hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study. J. AIDS Clin. Res. 4(5). (2013)."},{"key":"2645_CR5","unstructured":"FMOH National Comprehensive HIV Prevention, Care and Treatment Training for Healthcare Providers, M.o. Health, Editor. Revised on August, 2021, Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health Addis Ababa. 1\u2013502."},{"issue":"10","key":"2645_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040298","volume":"4","author":"S Rosen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosen, S., Fox, M. P. & Gill, C. J. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 4(10), e298 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2645_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saumu, W. M. et al. Predictors of loss to follow-up among children attending HIV clinic in a hospital in rural Kenya. Pan Afr. Med. J., 32(1). (2019).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.32.216.18310"},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31827b70bf","volume":"62","author":"V Leroy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leroy, V. et al. Outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in children in Asia and Africa: a comparative analysis of the IeDEA pediatric multiregional collaboration. JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 62(2), 208\u2013219 (2013).","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"2645_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaung Nyunt, K. K. et al. Factors associated with death and loss to follow-up in children on antiretroviral care in Mingalardon Specialist Hospital, Myanmar, 20062016. PLoS ONE. 13(4), e0195435 (2018).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195435"},{"key":"2645_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19248","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.19248","volume":"6","author":"M Sengayi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengayi, M. et al. Predictors of loss to follow-up among children in the first and second years of antiretroviral treatment in Johannesburg, South Africa. Glob Health Action. 6, 19248 (2013).","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"29","key":"2645_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10901","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010901","volume":"97","author":"N Chandiwana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chandiwana, N. et al. High loss to follow-up of children on antiretroviral treatment in a primary care HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. Medicine 97(29), e10901 (2018).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2645_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menshw, T. et al. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among children attending ART clinics in northeast Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. HIV\/AIDS-Res. Palliat. Care.  801\u2013812 (2021).","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S320601"},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189777","volume":"13","author":"M Biru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biru, M. et al. Rates and predictors of attrition among children on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. PloS One. 13(2), e0189777 (2018).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2645_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisiha Kassa, S. et al. Incidence of loss to follow-up and its predictors among children with HIV on antiretroviral therapy at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized referral hospital: a retrospective data analysis. HIV\/AIDS-Res. Palliat. Care.. 525\u2013533 (2020).","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S269580"},{"key":"2645_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sifr, Z. et al. Level of attrition from antiretroviral therapy among human immune deficiency virus-infected children: the cases of Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia. HIV\/AIDS-Res. Palliat. Care. 813\u2013822 (2021).","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S317117"},{"key":"2645_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bankere, A. W. et al. Lost to follow-up and its predictors among human immune deficiency virus infected children on antiretroviral therapy, southern Oromia, and Ethiopia: a five year retrospective cohort study. (2022).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1794353\/v1"},{"issue":"9","key":"2645_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239013","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239013","volume":"15","author":"YT Hibstie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hibstie, Y. T. et al. Nearly one in every six HIV-infected children lost from ART follow-up at Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A 14-year retrospective follow-up study. PLoS One. 15(9), e0239013 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0304239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304239","volume":"19","author":"D Girma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Girma, D. et al. Incidence of lost to follow up among HIV-positive children on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 19(5), e0304239 (2024).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17333-9","volume":"24","author":"MY Birhanu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Birhanu, M. Y. et al. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among Ethiopian children on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public. Health. 24(1), 169 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05086-2","volume":"24","author":"GG Alemu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alemu, G. G. et al. Incidence of loss to follow-up and its predictors among HIV-infected under-five children after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in West Amhara comprehensive specialized referral hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia: a multicenter retrospective follow-up study. BMC Pediatr. 24(1), 615 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"2645_CR21","unstructured":"ICAP. Facality level standard oprating procedures for HIV care and treatment service. (2018)."},{"key":"2645_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency, Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014\u20132017. Archived from the original on 6. 2018.June (2018).","DOI":"10.5089\/9781484338506.002"},{"key":"2645_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bimer, K. B. et al. Incidence and predictors of attrition among children attending antiretroviral follow-up in public hospitals, Southern Ethiopia, 2020: a retrospective study. BMJ Paediatr. Open. 5(1). (2021).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2021-001135"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.11599\/germs.2014.1049","volume":"4","author":"G Alvarez-Uria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alvarez-Uria, G. et al. Predictors of loss to follow-up after engagement in care of HIV-infected children ineligible for antiretroviral therapy in an HIV cohort study in India. Germs 4(1), 9\u201315 (2014).","journal-title":"Germs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000782","volume":"70","author":"NM McCormick","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCormick, N. M. et al. Implementation and operational research: risk factors of loss to Follow-up among HIV-Positive pediatric patients in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 70(3), e73\u201383 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318278bcb0","volume":"62","author":"ML McNairy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McNairy, M. L. et al. Retention of HIV-infected children on antiretroviral treatment in HIV care and treatment programs in Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, and Tanzania. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 62(3), e70\u201381 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000772","volume":"70","author":"C Ardura-Garcia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ardura-Garcia, C. et al. Implementation and operational research: early tracing of children lost to follow-up from antiretroviral treatment: true outcomes and future risks. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 70(5), e160\u2013e167 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"2645_CR28","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. In Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. (World Health Organization, 2016)."},{"key":"2645_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parienti, J. J. et al. Forgiveness of dolutegravir-based triple therapy compared with older antiretroviral regimens: a prospective multicenter cohort of adherence patterns and HIV-RNA replication. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases. (Oxford University Press US, 2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab316"},{"issue":"4","key":"2645_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-00961-y","volume":"13","author":"S Schneider","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schneider, S. et al. Two-drug regimens dolutegravir\/lamivudine and dolutegravir\/rilpivirine are effective with few discontinuations in US real-world settings: results from the TANDEM study. Infect. Dis. Therapy. 13(4), 891\u2013906 (2024).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Therapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2645_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e078370","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078370","volume":"14","author":"AW Bankere","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bankere, A. W. et al. Loss to follow-up and its predictors among children living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, Southern oromia, Ethiopia: a 5-year retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 14(7), e078370 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"9","key":"2645_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.141636","volume":"6","author":"TM Berheto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berheto, T. M., Haile, D. B. & Mohammed, S. Predictors of loss to follow-up in patients living with HIV\/AIDS after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. North. Am. J. Med. Sci. 6(9), 453 (2014).","journal-title":"North. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR33","first-page":"3605850","volume":"2017","author":"C Akahara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akahara, C. et al. Assessment of antiretroviral treatment adherence among children attending care at a tertiary hospital in southeastern Nigeria. J. Trop. Med. 2017(1), 3605850 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR34","first-page":"101","volume":"4","author":"S Juergens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Juergens, S. et al. Predictors of loss to follow up and mortality among children\u2009\u2264\u200912 years receiving anti retroviral therapy during the first year at a referral hospital in Bali. Public. Health Prev. Med. Archive. 4(2), 101\u2013106 (2016).","journal-title":"Public. Health Prev. Med. Archive"},{"key":"2645_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.035","volume":"188","author":"S Teeraananchai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teeraananchai, S. et al. Attrition and mortality of children receiving antiretroviral treatment through the universal coverage health program in Thailand. J. Pediatr. 188, 210\u2013216 (2017). e1.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"2645_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huy, B. et al. Impact of Orphan Status on HIV Treatment Outcomes and Retention in Care of Children and Adolescents in Asia, 227\u2013231 (Elsevier, 2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30875-X"},{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96307","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096307","volume":"9","author":"C Palladino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palladino, C. et al. Determinants of highly active antiretroviral therapy duration in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents in Madrid, Spain, from 1996 to 2012. PLoS One. 9(5), e96307 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000772","volume":"70","author":"C Ardura-Garcia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ardura-Garcia, C. et al. Implementation and operational research: early tracing of children lost to follow-up from antiretroviral treatment: true outcomes and future risks. JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 70(5), e160\u2013e167 (2015).","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR39","first-page":"283","volume":"32","author":"A Helova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Helova, A. et al. Health facility challenges to the provision of option B\u2009+\u2009in Western Kenya: a qualitative study. Health Policy Plann. 32(2), 283\u2013291 (2017).","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann."},{"key":"2645_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1265-5","volume":"15","author":"N Nabukeera-Barungi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nabukeera-Barungi, N. et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for adolescents living with HIV from 10 districts in Uganda. BMC Infect. Dis. 15, 1\u201310 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2645_CR41","unstructured":"Hub, R. H. I. Healthcare Access in Rural Communities. (2024)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12668","volume":"20","author":"A Bald\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bald\u00e9, A. et al. Risk factors for loss to follow-up, transfer or death among people living with HIV on their first antiretroviral therapy regimen in Mali. HIV Med. 20(1), 47\u201353 (2019).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2645_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185699","volume":"12","author":"A Bilinski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bilinski, A. et al. Distance to care, enrollment and loss to follow-up of HIV patients during decentralization of antiretroviral therapy in Neno district, Malawi: A retrospective cohort study. PloS One. 12(10), e0185699 (2017).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"2645_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.141636","volume":"6","author":"TM Berheto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berheto, T. M., Haile, D. B. & Mohammed, S. Predictors of loss to follow-up in patients living with HIV\/AIDS after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. N Am. J. Med. Sci. 6(9), 453\u2013459 (2014).","journal-title":"N Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02006.x","volume":"13","author":"K Deribe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deribe, K. et al. Defaulters from antiretroviral treatment in Jimma university specialized hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 13(3), 328\u2013333 (2008).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2645_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156619","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156619","volume":"11","author":"YM Tiruneh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tiruneh, Y. M. et al. Retention in care among HIV-infected adults in Ethiopia, 2005\u20132011: A mixed-methods study. PLoS One. 11(6), e0156619 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02645-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02645-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02645-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T18:03:22Z","timestamp":1748109802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02645-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02645-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17447"}}