{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:01:29Z","timestamp":1773025289784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project","award":["23NSFSC4251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23NSFSC4251"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFS0126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"1.3.5 Project for Talent Excellence Development, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["ZYGD23035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGD23035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02708-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T09:42:26Z","timestamp":1748598146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A retrospective study on unfavorable 28-day neurological outcomes of stage II TB meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bofu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoxi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingfan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyou","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040071","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1040071","volume":"10","author":"M Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, M. et al. A study of risk factors for tuberculous meningitis among patients with tuberculosis in China: An analysis of data between 2012 and 2019. Front. Public Health 10, 1040071 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"2708_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0966-8","volume":"19","author":"MG Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, M. G. et al. Treatment outcomes of tuberculous meningitis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm. Med. 19, 200 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"2708_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70168-6","volume":"12","author":"GE Thwaites","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thwaites, G. E., van Toorn, R. & Schoeman, J. Tuberculous meningitis: More questions, still too few answers. Lancet Neurol. 12, 999\u20131010 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"2708_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13485","volume":"144","author":"XP Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, X. P., Li, J. M., Zhou, D. & Yang, R. Direct economic burden of patients with tuberculous meningitis in western China. Acta Neurol. Scand. 144, 535\u2013545 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"2708_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13135","volume":"40","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Hu, X. Y., Ye, H., Fan, X. Q. & Lai, D. M. Construction and application of tuberculosis medical and nursing integration cooperation model. Public Health Nurs. 40, 97\u2013104 (2023).","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"2708_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307178","volume":"85","author":"M Wasay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wasay, M. et al. Cerebral infarction and tuberculoma in central nervous system tuberculosis: Frequency and prognostic implications. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85, 1260\u20131264 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2708_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1309974","volume":"15","author":"K Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, K. et al. Clinical features, long-term clinical outcomes, and prognostic factors of tuberculous meningitis in West China: A multivariate analysis of 154 adults. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 15, 629\u2013635 (2017).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"2708_CR8","first-page":"4487","volume":"8","author":"J Gu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gu, J. et al. Prognostic factors of tuberculous meningitis: A single-center study. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8, 4487\u20134493 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2708_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.02.051","volume":"375","author":"AE Merkler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merkler, A. E. et al. Neurological complications after tuberculous meningitis in a multi-state cohort in the United States. J. Neurol. Sci. 375, 460\u2013463 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"2708_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09523-6","volume":"266","author":"L Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen, L. et al. Clinical features, outcomes and prognostic factors of tuberculous meningitis in adults worldwide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurol. 266, 3009\u20133021 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"2708_CR11","first-page":"262","volume":"15","author":"F Pehlivanoglu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pehlivanoglu, F., Yasar, K. K. & Sengoz, G. Prognostic factors of neurological sequel in adult patients with tuberculous meningitis. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 15, 262\u2013267 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"2708_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa257","author":"AM Stadelman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stadelman, A. M. et al. Treatment outcomes in adult tuberculous meningitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa257 (2020).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2708_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181a590f1","volume":"338","author":"JJ Sheu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sheu, J. J., Yuan, R. Y. & Yang, C. C. Predictors for outcome and treatment delay in patients with tuberculous meningitis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 338, 134\u2013139 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2708_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092962","volume":"9","author":"A Arshad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arshad, A. et al. Analysis of tuberculosis meningitis pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J. Clin. Med. 9, 2962 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"2708_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70138-9","volume":"10","author":"S Marais","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marais, S. et al. Tuberculous meningitis: A uniform case definition for use in clinical research. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10, 803\u2013812 (2010).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2708_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"N Philip","year":"2015","unstructured":"Philip, N., William, T. & John, D. V. Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: Challenges and promises. Malays. J. Pathol. 37, 1\u20139 (2015).","journal-title":"Malays. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2708_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.557256","volume":"40","author":"TJ Quinn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quinn, T. J., Dawson, J., Walters, M. R. & Lees, K. R. Reliability of the modified Rankin scale: A systematic review. Stroke 40, 3393\u20133395 (2009).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2708_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000069","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000069","volume":"1","author":"PJ Dodd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dodd, P. J. et al. The global burden of tuberculous meningitis in adults: A modelling study. PLoS Glob. Public Health 1, e0000069 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"2708_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9316589","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9316589","volume":"2017","author":"M Raberahona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raberahona, M., Rakotoarivelo, R. A., Razafinambinintsoa, T., Andrianasolo, R. L. & Randria, M. J. Clinical features and outcome in adult cases of tuberculous meningitis in tertiary care hospital in Antananarivo Madagascar. BioMed. Res Int. 2017, 9316589 (2017).","journal-title":"BioMed. Res Int."},{"key":"2708_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7060-6","volume":"261","author":"YW Woldeamanuel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woldeamanuel, Y. W. & Girma, B. A 43-year systematic review and meta-analysis: Case-fatality and risk of death among adults with tuberculous meningitis in Africa. J. Neurol. 261, 851\u2013865 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"2708_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3633-4","volume":"19","author":"J Soria","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soria, J. et al. Mortality in hospitalized patients with tuberculous meningitis. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 9 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2708_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2140-8","volume":"22","author":"M Cantier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cantier, M. et al. Functional outcomes in adults with tuberculous meningitis admitted to the ICU: A multicenter cohort study. Crit. Care 22, 1 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"2708_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-001-1100-3","volume":"29","author":"CH Lu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lu, C. H., Chang, W. N. & Chang, H. W. The prognostic factors of adult tuberculous meningitis. Infection 29, 299\u2013304 (2001).","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2708_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-019-0609-3","volume":"27","author":"Z Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Prognostic accuracy of the serum lactate level, the SOFA score and the qSOFA score for mortality among adults with Sepsis. Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med. 27, 51 (2019).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"2708_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer, M. et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801\u2013810 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2708_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2019-208789","volume":"38","author":"O Spagnolello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spagnolello, O. et al. qSOFA as a new community-acquired pneumonia severity score in the emergency setting. Emerg. Med. J. 38, 906\u2013912 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"2708_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01534.x","volume":"14","author":"J Kalita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalita, J., Misra, U. K. & Ranjan, P. Predictors of long-term neurological sequelae of tuberculous meningitis: A multivariate analysis. Eur. J. Neurol. 14, 33\u201337 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"2708_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.58","volume":"53","author":"RK Garg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garg, R. K., Malhotra, H. S. & Gupta, R. Spinal cord involvement in tuberculous meningitis. Spinal Cord. 53, 649\u2013657 (2015).","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"2708_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15535.1","volume":"4","author":"JA Seddon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seddon, J. A., Tugume, L., Solomons, R., Prasad, K. & Bahr, N. C. The current global situation for tuberculous meningitis: Epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes. Wellcome Open Res. 4, 167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15535.1 (2019).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"2708_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1625-9","volume":"16","author":"AK Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh, A. K. et al. Paradoxical reaction in tuberculous meningitis: Presentation, predictors and impact on prognosis: Presentation. BMC Infect. Dis. 16, 306 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2708_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7370","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007370","volume":"96","author":"HJ Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, H. J. et al. Old age and hydrocephalus are associated with poor prognosis in patients with tuberculous meningitis: A retrospective study in a Chinese adult population. Medicine 96, e7370 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2708_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.12.009","volume":"66","author":"T Raut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raut, T. et al. Hydrocephalus in tuberculous meningitis: Incidence, its predictive factors and impact on the prognosis. J. Infect. 66, 330\u2013337 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2708_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.09.005","volume":"90","author":"AA Figaji","year":"2010","unstructured":"Figaji, A. A. & Fieggen, A. G. The neurosurgical and acute care management of tuberculous meningitis: Evidence and current practice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 90, 393\u2013400 (2010).","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"2708_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54076\/jukes.v2i1.117","volume":"2","author":"L Pranianto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pranianto, L. AA woman with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) confirmed COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: A nursing case study. J Kesehatan LLDikti Wilayah 1 (JUKES) 2, 1\u20137 (2022).","journal-title":"J Kesehatan LLDikti Wilayah 1 (JUKES)"},{"key":"2708_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7651-5","volume":"262","author":"H Erdem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erdem, H. et al. Hamsi scoring in the prediction of unfavorable outcomes from tuberculous meningitis: Results of Haydarpasa-II study. J. Neurol. 262, 890\u2013898 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02708-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02708-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02708-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T09:42:27Z","timestamp":1748598147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02708-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02708-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University (ethical code no. 2018\u2009\u2212\u2009598). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University waived the need of obtaining informed consent\u2019 in the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"19003"}}