{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:54:21Z","timestamp":1787003661941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Royal Academy of Engineering through Research Fellowship","award":["RF\/202122\/21\/133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF\/202122\/21\/133"]}]},{"name":"a Chair in Emerging Technologies from the Royal Academy of Engineering"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/T020903\/1; EP\/S025987\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T020903\/1; EP\/S025987\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/T020903\/1; EP\/S025987\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T020903\/1; EP\/S025987\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program: Proof of Concept Grant agreement ULIGHT","award":["899900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["899900"]}]},{"name":"the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program: Proof of Concept Grant agreement ULIGHT","award":["899900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["899900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Far-ultraviolet C (Far-UVC) radiation, with a wavelength range from 200 to 235\u00a0nm, is germicidal and holds potential for clinical applications. However, its use against deep-seated and internal infections, such as those affecting the lungs, remains less well established. The safety profile of Far-UVC irradiation requires further investigation across different human tissues. In this study, we utilised a krypton-chloride excimer lamp and a pulsed laser system to examine the effects of Far-UVC irradiation on human lung cells in vitro and primary human tracheal tissue. Primary human tracheal tissue and cells exposed to continuous wave (222\u00a0nm) and pulsed 206\u00a0nm and 222\u00a0nm light at doses of 5, 25, and 50\u00a0mJ\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    exhibited DNA damage, including phosphorylation of \u03b3H2AX (Ser139). The continuous wave and pulsed 222\u00a0nm irradiation caused the formation of pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts. Irradiated human lung cells demonstrated reduced viability in vitro, and increased lactate dehydrogenase release into the culture medium 48\u00a0h post-irradiation. Our findings reveal that even low doses of Far-UVC (206\u00a0nm, 222\u00a0nm) light can penetrate monolayers of human lung epithelial cells, causing direct DNA damage in the form of (6\u2009-4) photoproducts and DNA double-strand breaks, ultimately leading to cell death.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02869-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T22:38:05Z","timestamp":1748039885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Far-ultraviolet light causes direct DNA damage in human lung cells and tissues"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Asta","family":"Valanciute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calum A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Burden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syam Mohan P. C.","family":"Mohanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Sabbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M. W.","family":"Ghobrial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Xin","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysha","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Brahms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsan R.","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie K.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Travers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.08.022","volume":"49","author":"H Kitagawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kitagawa, H. et al. Effectiveness of 222-nm ultraviolet light on disinfecting SARS-CoV-2 surface contamination. Am. J. Infect. Control. 49, 299\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.08.022 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"2869_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67211-2","volume":"10","author":"M Buonanno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buonanno, M., Welch, D., Shuryak, I. & Brenner, D. J. Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses. Sci. Rep. 10, 10285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-67211-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2869_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294427","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294427","volume":"18","author":"BM Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, B. M. et al. Ultraviolet-C light at 222 Nm has a high disinfecting spectrum in environments contaminated by infectious pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One. 18, e0294427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0294427 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2869_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103015","volume":"39","author":"R Sesti-Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sesti-Costa, R. et al. UV 254 Nm is more efficient than UV 222 Nm in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 present in human saliva. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 39, 103015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103015 (2022).","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther."},{"key":"2869_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.03.030","volume":"105","author":"K Narita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narita, K. et al. 222-nm UVC inactivates a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens. J. Hosp. Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.03.030 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"2869_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.04.018","volume":"109","author":"JW Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang, J. W., Kim, S. S. & Kang, D. H. Inactivation dynamics of 222 Nm krypton-chlorine excilamp irradiation on Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Food Res. Int. 109, 325\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.04.018 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"2869_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taylor, W. et al. DNA damage kills bacterial spores and cells exposed to 222-Nanometer UV radiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.03039-19 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03039-19"},{"key":"2869_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22969-5","volume":"12","author":"K Naito","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naito, K., Sawadaishi, K. & Kawasaki, M. Photobiochemical mechanisms of biomolecules relevant to germicidal ultraviolet irradiation at 222 and 254 Nm. Sci. Rep. 12, 18217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22969-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2869_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.057","volume":"571","author":"GP Pfeifer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pfeifer, G. P., You, Y. H. & Besaratinia, A. Mutations induced by ultraviolet light. Mutat. Res. 571, 19\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.057 (2005).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"2869_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rastogi, R. P., Richa, Kumar, A., Tyagi, M. B. & Sinha, R. P. Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and repair. J. Nucleic Acids. 2010, 592980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2010\/592980 (2010).","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/592980"},{"key":"2869_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hessling, M., Haag, R., Sieber, N. & Vatter, P. The impact of far-UVC radiation (200\u2013230 nm) on pathogens, cells, skin, and eyes\u2014a collection and analysis of a hundred years of data. GMS Hyg. Infect. Control. 16, Doc07. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3205\/dgkh000378 (2021).","DOI":"10.3205\/dgkh000378"},{"key":"2869_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0010CC.1","volume":"187","author":"M Buonanno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buonanno, M. et al. Germicidal efficacy and mammalian skin safety of 222-nm UV light. Radiat. Res. 187, 483\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RR0010CC.1 (2017).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"2869_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13384","volume":"97","author":"N Yamano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamano, N. et al. Evaluation of acute reactions on mouse skin irradiated with 222 and 235 Nm UV-C. Photochem. Photobiol. 97, 770\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.13384 (2021).","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"2869_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13620","volume":"98","author":"T Fukui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukui, T. et al. Safety of 222 Nm UVC irradiation to the surgical site in a rabbit model. Photochem. Photobiol. 98, 1365\u20131371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.13620 (2022).","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"2869_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.030","volume":"178","author":"K Narita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narita, K. et al. Disinfection and healing effects of 222-nm UVC light on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in mouse wounds. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 178, 10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.030 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"2869_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1603378","volume":"53","author":"S Kaidzu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaidzu, S. et al. Evaluation of acute corneal damage induced by 222-nm and 254-nm ultraviolet light in Sprague-Dawley rats. Free Radic. Res. 53, 611\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10715762.2019.1603378 (2019).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"2869_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ong, Q., Wee, W., Dela Cruz, J., Teo, J. W. R. & Han, W. 222-Nanometer Far-UVC exposure results in DNA damage and transcriptional changes to mammalian cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23169112 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169112"},{"key":"2869_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nishikawa, J. et al. Far-Ultraviolet light at 222 Nm affects membrane integrity in monolayered DLD1 Colon cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25137051 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137051"},{"key":"2869_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030126","volume":"46","author":"T Al-Sadek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Sadek, T. & Yusuf, N. Ultraviolet radiation biological and medical implications. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 46, 1924\u20131942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb46030126 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2869_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2018.4540","volume":"37","author":"V Morkunas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morkunas, V. et al. DNA-Damaging effect of different wavelength (206 and 257 nm) femtosecond laser pulses. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 37, 254\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/photob.2018.4540 (2019).","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"2869_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s0027-5107(00)00014-2","volume":"450","author":"D Chandrasekhar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, D. & Van Houten, B. In vivo formation and repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6\u2009\u2013\u20094 photoproducts measured at the gene and nucleotide level in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 450, 19\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0027-5107(00)00014-2 (2000).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"2869_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112713","volume":"243","author":"RSN Tavares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tavares, R. S. N. et al. Different biological effects of exposure to far-UVC (222 nm) and near-UVC (254 nm) irradiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 243, 112713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112713 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"2869_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00126-2","volume":"44","author":"T Schwarz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwarz, T. UV light affects cell membrane and cytoplasmic targets. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 44, 91\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00126-2 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"2869_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panzures, A. 222-nm UVC light as a skin-safe solution to antimicrobial resistance in acute hospital settings with a particular focus on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and surgical site infections: a review. J. Appl. Microbiol. 134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxad046 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad046"},{"key":"2869_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201259","volume":"13","author":"K Narita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narita, K., Asano, K., Morimoto, Y., Igarashi, T. & Nakane, A. Chronic irradiation with 222-nm UVC light induces neither DNA damage nor epidermal lesions in mouse skin, even at high doses. PLoS One. 13, e0201259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201259 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2869_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13750","volume":"99","author":"S Kaidzu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaidzu, S. et al. Safety evaluation of Far-UV-C irradiation to epithelial basal cells in the corneal limbus. Photochem. Photobiol. 99, 1142\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.13750 (2023).","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"2869_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12806","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917196117","volume":"117","author":"KF Hung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hung, K. F., Sidorova, J. M., Nghiem, P. & Kawasumi, M. The 6\u2009-4 photoproduct is the trigger of UV-induced replication blockage and ATR activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117, 12806\u201312816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1917196117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"2869_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.480103","volume":"48","author":"C Brahms","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brahms, C. & Travers, J. C. Efficient and compact source of tuneable ultrafast deep ultraviolet laser pulses at 50\u00a0khz repetition rate. Opt. Lett. 48, 151\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.480103 (2023).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02869-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02869-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02869-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T22:38:07Z","timestamp":1748039887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-02869-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-02869-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.03.20.644314","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6507624\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The studies involving human tissues and informed consent were reviewed and approved by London\u2014Central Research Ethics Committee (REC) (REC No: 16\/LO\/1883) and by NHS Lothian SAHSC Bioresource (REC No: 20\/ES\/0061).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Experimental model and study participant details"}},{"value":"This study did not involve the use of any tissue obtained from prisoners. Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all donated tissues.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"18055"}}