{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:19:44Z","timestamp":1790965184882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS041435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS041435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03089-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T03:05:14Z","timestamp":1748228714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["MHC class I and II expression and induction in oligodendrocytes varies with age"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Riley B.","family":"Catenacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Galleguillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sloan","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3089_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00184-3","volume":"22","author":"JS Graves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graves, J. S. et al. Ageing and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 22, 66\u201377 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"3089_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1207617","volume":"14","author":"N Capasso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Capasso, N. et al. Aging in multiple sclerosis: from childhood to old age, etiopathogenesis, and unmet needs: a narrative review. Front. Neurol. 14, 1 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"3089_CR3","first-page":"277","volume":"27","author":"K Hagemeier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hagemeier, K., Br\u00fcck, W. & Kuhlmann, T. Multiple sclerosis\u2013remyelination failure as a cause of disease progression. Histol. Histopathol. 27, 277\u2013287 (2012).","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol"},{"key":"3089_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq250","volume":"133","author":"S Bramow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bramow, S. et al. Demyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 133, 2983\u20132998 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3089_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02451.2002","volume":"22","author":"FJ Sim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sim, F. J., Zhao, C., Penderis, J. & Franklin, R. J. M. The age-related decrease in CNS remyelination efficiency is attributable to an impairment of both oligodendrocyte progenitor recruitment and differentiation. J. Neurosci. 22, 2451\u20132459 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"3089_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NS20210008","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20210008","volume":"5","author":"EC Sams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sams, E. C. Oligodendrocytes in the aging brain. Neuronal Signal. 5, NS20210008 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuronal Signal."},{"key":"3089_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1484-9","volume":"573","author":"M Segel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Segel, M. et al. Niche stiffness underlies the aging of central nervous system progenitor cells. Nature 573, 130 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3089_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11638-3","volume":"10","author":"L Kirby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirby, L. et al. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells present antigen and are cytotoxic targets in inflammatory demyelination. Nat. Commun. 10, 1\u201320 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3089_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82938","volume":"12","author":"EP Harrington","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrington, E. P. et al. MHC class i and MHC class Ii reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Elife 12, 1 (2023).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"3089_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0903-2","volume":"566","author":"S J\u00e4kel","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00e4kel, S. et al. Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis. Nature 566, 543\u2013547 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3089_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0236-y","volume":"24","author":"AM Falc\u00e3o","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falc\u00e3o, A. M. et al. Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Med. 24, 1837\u20131844 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"3089_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","volume":"1","author":"M Absinta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Absinta, M. et al. A lymphocyte\u2013microglia\u2013astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis. Nature 1, 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3089_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654284","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.654284","volume":"15","author":"MW Psenicka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Psenicka, M. W., Smith, B. C., Tinkey, R. A. & Williams, J. L. Connecting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: are oligodendrocyte precursor cells a nexus of disease? Front. Cell. Neurosci. 15, 654284 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"3089_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.12.020","volume":"101","author":"SO Spitzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spitzer, S. O. et al. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells become regionally diverse and heterogeneous with age. Neuron 101, 459\u2013471 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3089_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA120.002102","volume":"19","author":"AG de la Fuente","year":"2020","unstructured":"de la Fuente, A. G. et al. Changes in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proteome with ageing. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 19, 1281\u20131302 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"3089_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0491-3","volume":"22","author":"M Ximerakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ximerakis, M. et al. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the aging mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1696\u20131708 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"3089_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00840-2","volume":"54","author":"D Heo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Heo, D. et al. Transcriptional profiles of mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells across the lifespan. Nat. Aging 2025. 54 (5), 675\u2013690 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Aging 2025"},{"key":"3089_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1362-5","volume":"571","author":"BW Dulken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dulken, B. W. et al. Single-cell analysis reveals T cell infiltration in old neurogenic niches. Nature 571, 205\u2013210 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3089_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01183-6","volume":"1","author":"T Kaya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaya, T. et al. CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells induce interferon-responsive oligodendrocytes and microglia in white matter aging. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-022-01183-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"3089_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369454-6\/50074-1","volume":"3","author":"K Flurkey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Flurkey, K., Currer, J. M. & Harrison, D. E. Mouse models in aging research. Mouse Biomed. Res. 3, 637\u2013672 (2007).","journal-title":"Mouse Biomed. Res."},{"key":"3089_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24499","volume":"72","author":"G Michalettos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Michalettos, G., Clausen, F., \u00d6zen, I., Ruscher, K. & Marklund, N. Impaired oligodendrogenesis in the white matter of aged mice following diffuse traumatic brain injury. Glia 72, 728\u2013747 (2024).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"3089_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-67","volume":"10","author":"PD Cravens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cravens, P. D. et al. The neonatal CNS is not conducive for encephalitogenic Th1 T cells and B cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroinflamm. 10, 835 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"3089_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, J. R. et al. Biological aging of CNS-resident cells alters the clinical course and immunopathology of autoimmune demyelinating disease. JCI Insight 7 (2022).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158153"},{"key":"3089_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10074","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2604-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"W Lin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lin, W. et al. Interferon-\u03b3 induced Medulloblastoma in the developing cerebellum. J. Neurosci. 24, 10074\u201310083 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"3089_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200502086","volume":"169","author":"W Lin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin, W., Harding, H. P., Ron, D. & Popko, B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates the response of myelinating oligodendrocytes to the immune cytokine interferon-gamma. J. Cell. Biol. 169, 603\u2013612 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"3089_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067680","volume":"8","author":"P Chakrabarty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chakrabarty, P. et al. Capsid serotype and timing of injection determines AAV transduction in the neonatal mice brain. PLoS ONE. 8, e67680 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3089_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88034","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88034","volume":"1","author":"G Murlidharan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murlidharan, G., Crowther, A., Reardon, R. A., Song, J. & Asokan, A. Glymphatic fluid transport controls paravascular clearance of AAV vectors from the brain. JCI Insight. 1, e88034 (2016).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"3089_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2024.102332","volume":"35","author":"IM Sandoval","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sandoval, I. M. et al. Engineered AAV capsid transport mutants overcome transduction deficiencies in the aged CNS. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids. 35, 1 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"3089_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80468-9","volume":"8","author":"A Muhlethaler-Mottet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Muhlethaler-Mottet, A., Berardino, W., Di, Otten, L. A. & Mach, B. Activation of the MHC class II transactivator CIITA by interferon-\u03b3 requires cooperative interaction between Stat1 and USF-1. Immunity 8, 157\u2013166 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3089_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15473","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00048","volume":"2","author":"PJ van den Elsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"van den Elsen, P. J. Expression regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II encoding genes. Front. Immunol. 2, 15473 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"3089_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-009-8128-3","volume":"46","author":"TB Tomasi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomasi, T. B. et al. MHC class II regulation by epigenetic agents and MicroRNAs. Immunol. Res. 46, 45 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"3089_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.07.531435","author":"CM Kellogg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kellogg, C. M. et al. Microglial MHC-I induction with aging and Alzheimer\u2019s is conserved in mouse models and humans. BioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.03.07.531435 (2023).","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"3089_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-012-9783-8","volume":"48","author":"HDV Starkey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Starkey, H. D. V. et al. Neuroglial expression of the MHCI pathway and PirB receptor is upregulated in the hippocampus with advanced aging. J. Mol. Neurosci. 48, 111 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"3089_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24230","author":"M Yaqubi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yaqubi, M. et al. Regional and age-related diversity of human mature oligodendrocytes. Glia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.24230 (2022).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"3089_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26288","volume":"91","author":"JXX Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, J. X. X. et al. Human oligodendrocyte myelination potential; relation to age and differentiation. Ann. Neurol. 91, 178\u2013191 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"3089_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.011","volume":"50","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Atypical development of white matter microstructure in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuroimage 50, 873\u2013882 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3089_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22046","volume":"72","author":"LA Needleman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Needleman, L. A. & Mcallister, A. K. The major histocompatibility complex and autism spectrum disorder. Dev. Neurobiol. 72, 1288 (2012).","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"3089_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805786","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.805786","volume":"13","author":"J Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, J., Erice, C., Rohlwink, U. K. & Tucker, E. W. Infections in the developing brain: the role of the neuro-immune axis. Front. Neurol. 13, 805786 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"3089_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61577-8","volume":"379","author":"MK Mwaniki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mwaniki, M. K., Atieno, M., Lawn, J. E. & Newton, C. R. J. C. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet 379, 445 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3089_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.04.012","volume":"37","author":"R Martin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin, R., Sospedra, M., Eiermann, T. & Olsson, T. Multiple sclerosis: doubling down on MHC. Trends Genet. 37, 784\u2013797 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"3089_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5473","volume":"181","author":"SJ Caillier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caillier, S. J. et al. Uncoupling the roles of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 genes in multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 181, 5473\u20135480 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"3089_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"KH St\u00fcrner","year":"2019","unstructured":"St\u00fcrner, K. H. et al. Is multiple sclerosis progression associated with the HLA-DR15 haplotype? Mult Scler. J. Exp. Transl Clin. 5, 1 (2019).","journal-title":"Mult Scler. J. Exp. Transl Clin."},{"key":"3089_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"147","author":"F Windener","year":"2024","unstructured":"Windener, F. et al. Physiological aging and inflammation-induced cellular senescence May contribute to oligodendroglial dysfunction in MS. Acta Neuropathol. 2024. 147, 1\u201319 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. 2024"},{"key":"3089_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, S. F., Cao, H., Fu, A. K. Y. & Ip, N. Y. Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of angiogenic endothelial cells and neuroprotective glia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117, 25800\u201325809 (2020).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008762117"},{"key":"3089_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-0016(16)33427-X","volume":"24","author":"SE Gombash","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gombash, S. E. et al. AAV9 transduction is similar in adult and aged mouse brains following intraparenchymal injection. Mol. Ther. 24, S245 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03089-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03089-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03089-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T03:05:19Z","timestamp":1748228719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03089-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03089-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"PAC is PI on grants to JHU from Genentech and the Myelin Repair Foundation, and has received personal consulting Honoria from Idorsia, Spolia Therapeutics, Novartis, and Lilly. The other authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18309"}}