{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:56:03Z","timestamp":1792702563923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Pathogen reduction technologies using chemicals and or UV light have been demonstrated to improve the safety of ex vivo platelets from infectious diseases. However, UV light exposure also may affect the treated products, depending on wavelength and exposure. Alternatively, visible spectra 405\u00a0nm violet-blue light has broad-spectrum microbicidal activity. Here we tested the effect of 405\u00a0nm light on <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>, the bacterium that causes syphilis. We contaminated platelets stored in plasma with two treponemal concentrations (low and high titers) and treated an aliquot with 270\u00a0J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> dose (irradiance\u2009=\u200915\u00a0mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) of 405\u00a0nm light while another aliquot remained untreated. Next, we inoculated intradermally an aliquot of both samples into rabbits. Rabbits inoculated with untreated samples developed syphilis while animals inoculated with light-treated samples did not. Thus, inactivation was demonstrated to the limit of detection of the bioassay. We estimated &gt;\u20092 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and &gt;\u20094 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> reduction in the low and high dose studies, respectively. These results provide proof-of-concept that 405\u00a0nm light is effective in reducing syphilis risk in ex vivo platelets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03230-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T06:10:03Z","timestamp":1749190203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["405\u00a0nm light microbicidal efficacy on Treponema pallidum spiked in ex vivo human platelets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Oksana","family":"Yakovleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Pilant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravin","family":"Kaldhone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rotstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"MacGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Maclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chintamani","family":"Atreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16245","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.245","volume":"2","author":"N Arora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arora, N. et al. Origin of modern syphilis and emergence of a pandemic Treponema pallidum cluster. Nat. Microbiol. 2, 16245 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"3230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-13","volume":"27","author":"L Giacani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giacani, L. & Lukehart, S. A. The endemic treponematoses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27, 89\u2013115 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"3230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73","volume":"3","author":"RW Peeling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peeling, R. W. et al. Syphilis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, 17073 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"3230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","volume":"19","author":"RE Lafond","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lafond, R. E. & Lukehart, S. A. Biological basis for syphilis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19, 29\u201349 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"3230_CR5","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/2022\/overview.htm#Syphilis."},{"key":"3230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.1969.tb04909.x","volume":"9","author":"RW Chambers","year":"1969","unstructured":"Chambers, R. W., Foley, H. T. & Schmidt, P. J. Transmission of syphilis by fresh blood components. Transfusion 9, 32\u201334 (1969).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17707","volume":"64","author":"G Conti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conti, G. et al. US Transfusion-Transmissible Infections Monitoring System (TTIMS). Syphilis seroprevalence and incidence in US blood donors from 2020 to 2022. Transfusion 64, 325\u2013333 (2024).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17393","volume":"63","author":"SF O'Brien","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, S. F. et al. Monitoring syphilis serology in blood donors: Is there utility as a surrogate marker of early transfusion transmissible infection behavioral risk?. Transfusion 63, 1195\u20131203 (2023).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR9","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency and NHS Blood and Transplant. Safe supplies 2021: FAIRer donor selection. Accessed April 15, 2024. Available from: https:\/\/nhsbtdbe.blob.core.windows.net\/umbraco-assets-corp\/27793\/annual-review-with-a4-infographics-final-accessible-features-v3.pdf"},{"key":"3230_CR10","unstructured":"Guidance for Industry: Recommendations for Screening, Testing and Management of Blood Donors and Blood and Blood Components Based on Screening Tests for Syphilis. December 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/85283\/download"},{"key":"3230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16655","volume":"61","author":"P Tamrakar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamrakar, P. et al. Effect of storage on survival of infectious Treponema pallidum spiked in whole blood and platelets. Transfusion 61, 3181\u20133189 (2021).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13554","volume":"119","author":"T D'aes","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019aes, T. et al. Does cold storage of blood before transfusion prevent the transmission of syphilis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang. 119, 219\u2013231 (2024).","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"3230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1706496","volume":"377","author":"HG Klein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klein, H. G., Hrouda, J. C. & Epstein, J. S. Crisis in the sustainability of the U.S. blood system. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 1485\u20131488 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.1734","volume":"36","author":"CA Schiffer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schiffer, C. A. et al. Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 283\u2013299 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"3230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000608","volume":"27","author":"RH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, R. H., Kasthuri, R. S. & Bergmeier, W. Platelet transfusion for patients with platelets dysfunction: Effectiveness, mechanisms, and unanswered questions. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 27, 378\u2013385 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"3230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15762","volume":"60","author":"SK White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White, S. K., Schmidt, R. L., Walker, B. S. & Metcalf, R. A. Bacterial contamination rate of platelet components by primary culture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion 60, 986\u2013996 (2020).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2910.230869","volume":"29","author":"I Kracalik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kracalik, I. et al. Posttransfusion sepsis attributable to bacterial contamination in platelet collection set manufacturing facility, United States. Emerg. Infect Dis. 29, 1979\u20131989 (2023).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect Dis."},{"key":"3230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, M., Ramirez-Arcos, S., Stiller, L. & McDonald, C. ISBT Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases Working Party, Subgroup on Bacteria. Current status of rapid bacterial detection methods for platelet components: A 20-year review by the ISBT Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases Working Party Subgroup on Bacteria. Vox Sang. 117, 983\u2013988 (2022).","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13283"},{"key":"3230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamel, H., Ramirez-Arcos, S. & McDonald, C. ISBT Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Disease Bacterial Working Party Bacterial Subgroup. The international experience of bacterial screen testing of platelet components with automated microbial detection systems: An update. Vox Sang. 117, 647\u2013655 (2022).","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13247"},{"key":"3230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000357651","volume":"41","author":"M St\u00f6rmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"St\u00f6rmer, M. & Vollmer, T. Diagnostic methods for platelet bacteria screening: current status and developments. Transfus. Med. Hemother. 41, 19\u201327 (2014).","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"3230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2212-9","volume":"22","author":"JH Levy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levy, J. H., Neal, M. D. & Herman, J. H. Bacterial contamination of platelets for transfusion: Strategies for prevention. Crit. Care 22, 271 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"3230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13272","volume":"117","author":"M Cloutier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cloutier, M. & De Korte, D. ISBT Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases Working Party, Subgroup on Bacteria. Residual risks of bacterial contamination for pathogen-reduced platelet components. Vox Sang. 117, 879\u2013886 (2022).","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"3230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15807","volume":"60","author":"MC Lanteri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lanteri, M. C. et al. Inactivation of a broad spectrum of viruses and parasites by photochemical treatment of plasma and platelets using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light. Transfusion 60, 1319\u20131331 (2020).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.04125.x","volume":"44","author":"L Lin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lin, L. et al. Photochemical treatment of platelet concentrates with amotosalen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light inactivates a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. Transfusion 44, 1496\u20131504 (2004).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00867.x","volume":"46","author":"Y Singh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singh, Y. et al. Photochemical treatment of plasma with amotosalen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light inactivates pathogens while retaining coagulation function. Transfusion 46, 1168\u20131177 (2006).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02126.x","volume":"49","author":"RP Goodrich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goodrich, R. P., Gilmour, D., Hovenga, N. & Keil, S. D. A laboratory comparison of pathogen reduction technology treatment and culture of platelet products for addressing bacterial contamination concerns. Transfusion 49, 1205\u20131216 (2009).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12158","volume":"107","author":"SY Kwon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kwon, S. Y. et al. Pathogen inactivation efficacy of Mirasol PRT System and Intercept Blood System for non-leucoreduced platelet-rich plasma-derived platelets suspended in plasma. Vox Sang. 107, 254\u2013260 (2014).","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"3230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15119","volume":"59","author":"U Gravemann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gravemann, U., Handke, W., M\u00fcller, T. H. & Seltsam, A. Bacterial inactivation of platelet concentrates with the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets pathogen inactivation. Transfusion 59, 1324\u20131332 (2019).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15410","volume":"59","author":"P Marks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marks, P. & Verdun, N. Toward universal pathogen reduction of the blood supply (Conference Report, p. 3002). Transfusion 59, 3026\u20133028 (2019).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14528","volume":"58","author":"V Brixner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brixner, V. et al. Red blood cells treated with the amustaline (S-303) pathogen reduction system: A transfusion study in cardiac surgery. Transfusion 58, 905\u2013916 (2018).","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"3230_CR31","unstructured":"Atreya, C., Maclean, M., Anderson, J. G. & MacGregor, S. J. (2024). Inactivation of pathogens in ex vivo blood products in storage bags using visible light. (Patent No. US Patent 11,951,217)."},{"key":"3230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00331","volume":"6","author":"M Maclean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maclean, M. et al. Non-ionizing 405 nm light as a potential bactericidal technology for platelet safety: Evaluation of in vitro bacterial inactivation and in vivo platelet recovery in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Front Med. (Lausanne). 6, 331 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Med. (Lausanne)."},{"key":"3230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-02050-6","volume":"19","author":"J Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, J. et al. Metabolomics evaluation of the photochemical impact of violet blue light (405 nm) on ex vivo platelet concentrates. Metabolomics 19, 88 (2023).","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"3230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13584","volume":"98","author":"CF Stewart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stewart, C. F. et al. Violet-blue 405-nm Light-based photoinactivation for pathogen reduction of human plasma provides broad antibacterial efficacy without visible degradation of plasma proteins. Photochem. Photobiol. 98, 504\u2013512 (2022).","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"3230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020280","volume":"12","author":"PR Kaldhone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaldhone, P. R. et al. The preclinical validation of 405 nm light parasiticidal efficacy on Leishmania donovani in ex vivo platelets in a Rag2(-\/-) mouse model. Microorganisms 12, 280 (2024).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"3230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905606","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.905606","volume":"9","author":"D Haridas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haridas, D. & Atreya, C. D. The microbicidal potential of visible blue light in clinical medicine and public health. Front. Med. Lausanne 9, 905606 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Med. Lausanne"},{"key":"3230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01892-08","volume":"75","author":"M Maclean","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maclean, M., MacGregor, S. J., Anderson, J. G. & Woolsey, G. Inactivation of bacterial pathogens following exposure to light from a 405-nanometer light-emitting diode array. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 1932\u20131937 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"3230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617373","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.617373","volume":"7","author":"KI Jankowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jankowska, K. I. et al. Complete inactivation of blood borne pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi in stored human platelet concentrates and plasma treated with 405 nm violet-blue light. Front Med. (Lausanne) 7, 617373 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070778","volume":"11","author":"V Ragupathy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ragupathy, V. et al. Visible 405 nm violet-blue light successfully inactivates HIV-1 in human plasma. Pathogens 11, 778 (2022).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"3230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83171-3","volume":"14","author":"JW Jackson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jackson, J. W. et al. 405 nm violet-blue light inactivates hepatitis C cell culture virus (HCVcc) in ex vivo human platelet concentrates and plasma. Sci. Rep. 14, 31540 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2509-2513.1998","volume":"66","author":"K Wicher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wicher, K. et al. Identification of persistent infection in experimental syphilis by PCR. Infect. Immun. 66, 2509\u20132513 (1998).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"3230_CR42","first-page":"3","volume":"35","author":"TB Turner","year":"1957","unstructured":"Turner, T. B. & Hollander, D. H. Biology of the treponematoses. Monogr. Ser. World Health Organ. 35, 3\u2013266 (1957).","journal-title":"Monogr. Ser. World Health Organ."},{"key":"3230_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy241","volume":"218","author":"K Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao, K. et al. Origin of nontreponemal antibodies during Treponema pallidum infection: Evidence from a rabbit model. J. Infect. Dis. 218, 835\u2013843 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3230_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2024.112922","volume":"255","author":"JW Jackson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jackson, J. W. et al. Human platelet concentrates treated with microbicidal 405 nm light retain hemostasis activity. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 255, 112922 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"3230_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-024-01725-0","volume":"14","author":"CF Stewart","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stewart, C. F. et al. Microbial reduction of prebagged human plasma using 405 nm light and its effects on coagulation factors. AMB Express 14, 66 (2024).","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"3230_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01153","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01153-18","volume":"9","author":"DG Edmondson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edmondson, D. G., Hu, B. & Norris, S. J. Long-term in vitro culture of the Syphilis Spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. MBio 9, e01153-e1218 (2018).","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"3230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.32.2.908-915.1981","volume":"32","author":"AH Fieldsteel","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fieldsteel, A. H., Cox, D. L. & Moeckli, R. A. Cultivation of virulent Treponema pallidum in tissue culture. Infect Immun. 32, 908\u2013915 (1981).","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"3230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13040","volume":"116","author":"CP McDonald","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonald, C. P., Bearne, J., Aplin, K. & Sawicka, D. Assessing the inactivation capabilities of two commercially available platelet component pathogen inactivation systems: effectiveness at end of shelf life. Vox Sang. 116, 416\u2013424 (2021).","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"3230_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920514","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2920514","volume":"2016","author":"M Maclean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maclean, M., Anderson, J. G., MacGregor, S. J., White, T. & Atreya, C. D. A New proof of concept in bacterial reduction: Antimicrobial action of violet-blue light (405 nm) in ex vivo stored plasma. J. Blood Transfus. 2016, 2920514 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"3230_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukehart, S. A. & Marra, C. M. Isolation and laboratory maintenance of Treponema pallidum. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. Chapter 12: Unit 12A.1 (2007).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12a01s7"},{"key":"3230_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0085-2","volume":"7","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Sensitive detection of Treponema pallidum DNA from the whole blood of patients with syphilis by the nested PCR assay. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 7, 83 (2018).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"3230_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","volume":"27","author":"LJ Reed","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed, L. J. & Muench, H. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am. J. Epidemiol. 27, 493\u2013497 (1938).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03230-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03230-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03230-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T13:02:13Z","timestamp":1749214933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03230-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03230-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare no competing interests. C.S., J.A., S.M., M.M. and C.A. are the inventors of the violet-blue 405\u00a0nm light technology (Atreya et al. US Patent No. 11,951,217B2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"19893"}}