{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:47:25Z","timestamp":1794260845276,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00354362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00354362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03568-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T18:11:18Z","timestamp":1752775878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skin whitening potential of extracts from discarded cabbage outer leaves"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hamin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kichan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungtae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Kook","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Sung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"3568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126065","volume":"313","author":"S Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, S., Armesto, J., G\u00f3mez-Limia, L. & Carballo, J. Impact of processing and storage on the nutritional and sensory properties and bioactive components of Brassica spp. A review. Food Chem. 313, 126065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126065 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"3568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.20878\/cshr.2024.30.3.003","volume":"30","author":"BK Jang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jang, B. K. et al. Antioxidant capacity of cabbage sprout extract cultivated under pro-soaking treatment and light conditions. Culi Sci. Hos Res. 30, 26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20878\/cshr.2024.30.3.003 (2024).","journal-title":"Culi Sci. Hos Res."},{"key":"3568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041927","volume":"11","author":"F Biondi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biondi, F. et al. Environmental conditions and agronomical factors influencing the levels of phytochemicals in Brassica vegetables responsible for nutritional and sensorial properties. Appl. Sci. 11, 1927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11041927 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"3568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2023.52.7.679","volume":"52","author":"J Ha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ha, J. et al. Evaluation of the antioxidant activities in cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. capitata) accessions. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 52, 679\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3746\/jkfn.2023.52.7.679 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"3568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-01101-5","volume":"12","author":"S Pradhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pradhan, S. et al. Optimization of process and properties of Biochar from cabbage waste by response surface methodology. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 12, 5479\u20135491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-020-01101-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin"},{"key":"3568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13414","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13414","volume":"44","author":"KM Favela-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Favela-Gonz\u00e1lez, K. M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Almanza, A. Y. & de la Fuente-Salcido, N. M. The value of bioactive compounds of cruciferous vegetables (Brassica) as antimicrobials and antioxidants: A review. J. Food Biochem. 44, e13414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.13414 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"3568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.9799\/ksfan.2012.25.2.259","volume":"25","author":"ES Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang, E. S., Hong, E. Y. & Kim, G. H. Determination of bioactive compounds and anti-cancer effect from extracts of Korean cabbage and cabbage. Korean J. Food Nutr. 25, 259\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9799\/ksfan.2012.25.2.259 (2012).","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Nutr."},{"key":"3568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, H. et al. Effect of hydropriming and light quality treatments on sprout growth and antioxidant activity in Brassica oleracea var. capitata seeds. Hortic. Sci. Technol. 40, 242\u2013252 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7235\/HORT.20220023","DOI":"10.7235\/HORT.20220023"},{"key":"3568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07104","volume":"70","author":"E Capanoglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Capanoglu, E., Nemli, E. & Tomas-Barberan, F. Novel approaches in the valorization of agricultural wastes and their applications. J. Agric. Food Chem. 70, 6787\u20136804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07104 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"3568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2020.100524","volume":"11","author":"RY Kannah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kannah, R. Y. et al. Food waste valorization: biofuels and value added product recovery. Bioresour Technol. Rep. 11, 100524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biteb.2020.100524 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol. Rep."},{"key":"3568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123575","volume":"312","author":"C Caldeira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caldeira, C. et al. Sustainability of food waste biorefinery: A review on valorisation pathways, techno-economic constraints, and environmental assessment. Bioresour Technol. 312, 123575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123575 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"3568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112285","volume":"206","author":"B Koul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koul, B., Yakoob, M. & Shah, M. P. Agricultural waste management strategies for environmental sustainability. Environ. Res. 206, 112285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112285 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"3568_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c07057","volume":"72","author":"JE Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, J. E. et al. Valorization of cabbage waste as a feedstock for microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate production: Optimizing hydrolysis conditions and polyhydroxyalkanoate production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 72, 6110\u20136117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c07057 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"3568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2008.12.004","volume":"87","author":"S Nilnakara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nilnakara, S., Chiewchan, N. & Devahastin, S. Production of antioxidant dietary fibre powder from cabbage outer leaves. Food Bioprod. Process. 87, 301\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbp.2008.12.004 (2009).","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"3568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1515\/intag-2015-0055","volume":"29","author":"T Prokopov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prokopov, T., Goranova, Z., Baeva, M., Slavov, A. & Galanakis, C. M. Effects of powder from white cabbage outer leaves on sponge cake quality. Int. Agrophys. 29, 493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/intag-2015-0055 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. Agrophys"},{"key":"3568_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selj\u00e5sen, R., Kusznierewicz, B., Bartoszek, A., M\u00f8lmann, J. & V\u00e5gen, I. M. Effects of post-harvest elicitor treatments with ultrasound, UV- and photosynthetic active radiation on polyphenols, glucosinolates and antioxidant activity in a waste fraction of white cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. capitata). Molecules 27 (5256). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27165256 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165256"},{"key":"3568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2010.505543","volume":"28","author":"Y Tanongkankit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanongkankit, Y., Chiewchan, N. & Devahastin, S. Effect of processing on antioxidants and their activity in dietary fiber powder from cabbage outer leaves. Dry. Technol. 28, 1063\u20131071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07373937.2010.505543 (2010).","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"3568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2011.09.001","volume":"90","author":"Y Tanongkankit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanongkankit, Y., Chiewchan, N. & Devahastin, S. Physicochemical property changes of cabbage outer leaves upon Preparation into functional dietary fiber powder. Food Bioprod. Process. 90, 541\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fbp.2011.09.001 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"3568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14160","volume":"83","author":"D Khukutapan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khukutapan, D., Chiewchan, N. & Devahastin, S. Characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose produced by different methods from cabbage outer leaves. J. Food Sci. 83, 1660\u20131667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1750-3841.14160 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"3568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.12925\/jkocs.2017.34.4.995","volume":"34","author":"HN Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim, H. N., Pyo, Y. H. & Yoon, M. Y. Effects of Salvia plebeia herb extracts on anti-oxidant activity and whitening action. J. Korean Appl. Sci. Technol. 34, 995\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12925\/jkocs.2017.34.4.995 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Korean Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"3568_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics3030027","volume":"3","author":"C Couteau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Couteau, C. & Coiffard, L. Overview of skin whitening agents: drugs and cosmetic products. Cosmetics 3, 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics3030027 (2016).","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"3568_CR22","unstructured":"Aytemir, M. D. & Karakaya, G. Kojic acid derivatives. In: Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. pp. 1\u201326. IntechOpen (2012)."},{"key":"3568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics9030064","volume":"9","author":"V Phasha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phasha, V. et al. Review on the use of Kojic acid\u2014A skin-lightening ingredient. Cosmetics 9, 64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics9030064 (2022).","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"3568_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-827X(00)00049-5","volume":"55","author":"C Couteau","year":"2000","unstructured":"Couteau, C. & Coiffard, L. J. M. Photostability determination of arbutin, a vegetable whitening agent. Il Farmaco. 55, 410\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-827X(00)00049-5 (2000).","journal-title":"Il Farmaco"},{"key":"3568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.11002\/kjfp.2023.30.2.358","volume":"30","author":"HJ Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Min, H. J., Kim, D. H. & Seo, K. I. Biological activity of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. Wing extracts. Korean J. Food Preserv. 30, 358\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11002\/kjfp.2023.30.2.358 (2023).","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Preserv"},{"key":"3568_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.03.035","volume":"128","author":"N Boussetta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boussetta, N. et al. Valorisation of grape pomace by the extraction of phenolic antioxidants: application of high voltage electrical discharges. Food Chem. 128, 364\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.03.035 (2011).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"3568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","volume":"181","author":"MS Blois","year":"1958","unstructured":"Blois, M. S. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181, 1199\u20131200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/1811199a0 (1958).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-011-0752-6","volume":"33","author":"M Nosek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nosek, M. et al. Distribution pattern of antioxidants in white cabbage heads (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. capitata F. alba). Acta Physiol. Plant. 33, 2125\u20132134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11738-011-0752-6 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"3568_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2005.07.023","volume":"40","author":"A Pods\u0119dek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pods\u0119dek, A. Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: A review. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 40, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2005.07.023 (2007).","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"3568_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126028","volume":"312","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Distribution of primary and secondary metabolites among the leaf layers of headed cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. capitata). Food Chem. 312, 126028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126028 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"3568_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78948-1","volume":"10","author":"MC Rabelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rabelo, M. C. et al. UVC light modulates vitamin C and phenolic biosynthesis N acerola fruit: Role of increased mitochondria activity and ROS production. Sci. Rep. 10, 21972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-78948-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3568_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13345","volume":"52","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Effects of UV-B on vitamin C, phenolics, flavonoids and their related enzyme activities in mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata). Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 52, 827\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijfs.13345 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"3568_CR33","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables","author":"LA de la Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"de la Rosa, L. A., Moreno-Escamilla, J. O., Rodrigo-Garc\u00eda, J. & Alvarez-Parrilla, E. Phenolic compounds. In: (eds Yahia, E. M. & Carrillo-L\u00f3pez, A.) Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables, 253\u2013271. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge (2019)."},{"key":"3568_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2005.02.012","volume":"38","author":"UM Lanfer-Marquez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lanfer-Marquez, U. M., Barros, R. M. C. & Sinnecker, P. Antioxidant activity of chlorophylls and their derivatives. Food Res. Int. 38, 885\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2005.02.012 (2005).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"3568_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15437","volume":"21","author":"W Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, W. et al. Potential application of natural bioactive compounds as skin-whitening agents: A review. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 21, 6669\u20136687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocd.15437 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"3568_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.10.024","volume":"122","author":"VW Fam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fam, V. W. et al. Plant-based foods for skin health: A narrative review. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 122, 617\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2021.10.024 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"3568_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90778","volume":"74","author":"I Shirasugi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shirasugi, I. et al. Sulforaphane inhibited melanin synthesis by regulating tyrosinase gene expression in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74, 579\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.90778 (2010).","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"3568_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114905","volume":"183","author":"P Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, P. & Akhtar, N. Phytochemical investigations and development of ethosomal gel with Brassica oleraceae L. (Brassicaceae) extract: an innovative nano approach towards cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Ind. Crop Prod. 183, 114905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114905 (2022).","journal-title":"Ind. Crop Prod."},{"key":"3568_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11010027","volume":"11","author":"LL Miranda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miranda, L. L. et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Brassica oleracea accelerates third-degree burn healing in rats. Cosmetics 11, 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cosmetics11010027 (2024).","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"3568_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.20402\/ajbc.2020.0038","volume":"18","author":"JE Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, J. E. & Kim, A. J. Antioxidant activity, whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of leaf and seed extracts of Brassica juncea L. Czern. Asian J. Beauty Cosmetol. 18, 283\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20402\/ajbc.2020.0038 (2020).","journal-title":"Asian J. Beauty Cosmetol"},{"key":"3568_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1270\/jsbbs.64.48","volume":"64","author":"M Ishida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ishida, M., Hara, M., Fukino, N., Kakizaki, T. & Morimitsu, Y. Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables. Breed. Sci. 64, 48\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1270\/jsbbs.64.48 (2014).","journal-title":"Breed. Sci."},{"key":"3568_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60185-3","volume":"11","author":"ZX Gu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gu, Z. X., Guo, Q. H. & Gu, Y. J. Factors influencing Glucoraphanin and Sulforaphane formation in Brassica plants: A review. J. Integr. Agric. 11, 1804\u20131816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60185-3 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"3568_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2016-485","volume":"15","author":"JK Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, J. K. & Park, S. U. Current potential health benefits of Sulforaphane. EXCLI J. 15, 571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17179\/excli2016-485 (2016).","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"3568_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.15230\/SCSK.2018.44.4.437","volume":"44","author":"JH Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., Choi, K. H., Park, Y. K., Kim, E. G. & Shin, E. Y. Development of novel Sulforaphane contained-composition to increase antioxidant and whitening effects. J. Soc. Cosmet. Sci. Korea. 44, 437\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15230\/SCSK.2018.44.4.437 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Sci. Korea"},{"key":"3568_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00007","volume":"3","author":"S Boddupalli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boddupalli, S., Mein, J. R., Lakkanna, S. & James, D. R. Induction of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes by broccoli Sulforaphane: perspectives in maintaining the antioxidant activity of vitamins A, C, and E. Front. Genet. 3, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2012.00007 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"3568_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080866","volume":"9","author":"JM Pullar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C. & Vissers, M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients 9, 866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9080866 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3568_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duarte, T. L. & Almeida, I. F. Vitamin C, gene expression and skin health. In: handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin. Wageningen Acad. 114\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/9789086867295_008 (2012).","DOI":"10.3920\/9789086867295_008"},{"key":"3568_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111090","volume":"9","author":"J Cedrowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cedrowski, J., D\u0105browa, K., Krogul-Sobczak, A. & Litwinienko, G. A lesson learnt from food chemistry\u2014elevated temperature triggers the antioxidant action of two edible isothiocyanates: Erucin and Sulforaphane. Antioxidants 9, 1090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9111090 (2020).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"3568_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051750","volume":"27","author":"\u0141 Janczewski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Janczewski, \u0141. Sulforaphane and its bifunctional analogs: synthesis and biological activity. Molecules 27, 1750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27051750 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3568_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040593","volume":"2","author":"A Melchini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Melchini, A. & Traka, M. H. Biological profile of Erucin: A new promising anticancer agent from cruciferous vegetables. Toxins 2, 593\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins2040593 (2010).","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"3568_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-014-0009-6","volume":"55","author":"SH Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi, S. H. et al. Metabolite profiles of glucosinolates in cabbage Var.eties (Brassica Oleracea Var. capitata) by season, color, and tissue position. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 55, 237\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13580-014-0009-6 (2014).","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03568-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03568-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03568-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T06:05:02Z","timestamp":1753164302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03568-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03568-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25947"}}