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Our results predominantly support the paraphyly of the genus <jats:italic>Rhodnius<\/jats:italic>, with the three <jats:italic>Psammolestes<\/jats:italic> species forming a well-supported monophyletic clade nested within it. In two reconstructions, however, <jats:italic>Psammolestes<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhodnius<\/jats:italic> are recovered as reciprocally monophyletic, each with strong support. In <jats:italic>Rhodnius<\/jats:italic>, we find monophyletic <jats:italic>pallescens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pictipes<\/jats:italic> groups, but a paraphyletic <jats:italic>prolixus<\/jats:italic> group, with persistent phylogenetic discordances underscoring uncertainties in species placements. Divergence estimates suggest Rhodniini originated around 5.26 million years ago, notably more recent than previously thought. Evolution within the tribe appears shaped by geography, gene flow, and incomplete lineage sorting rather than traditional taxonomy. Only four species\u2014<jats:italic>P. arthuri<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. ecuadoriensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. neivai<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>R. neglectus<\/jats:italic>\u2014are consistently supported across analyses, likely diversifying during Pleistocene climate changes. Other Rhodniini species may represent a panmictic population with minor structuring influenced by the Andes uplift. This study underscores the need for integrative research combining genetic, ecological, and biogeographical data to fully understand Rhodniini speciation and diversification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03789-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1751364253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multilocus analysis uncovers the evolution of the Rhodniini tribe, vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian C.","family":"Salgado-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Pardo-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Aristeu da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jader","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleber","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Patr\u00edcia Carneiro","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose E.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lineth","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario J.","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita G.","family":"Villac\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernan","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maikell","family":"Segovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Gomez Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Plutarco","family":"Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Cantillo-Barraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Guhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaio Cesar Chaboli","family":"Alevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Paniz-Mondolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan David","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3789_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.07.010","volume":"36","author":"S Samaddar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samaddar, S., Marnin, L., Butler, L. 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