{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:09:27Z","timestamp":1793520567057,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS 18 grant (No. 2019\/35\/B\/NZ1\/02546)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The publication was (co)financed by Science development fund of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences \u2013 SGGW."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>While particulate matter (PM) is a well-studied genotoxic environmental agent, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which PM triggers its harmful health consequences remains insufficient. The respiratory epithelium serves as the primary site for the deposition of PM, thereby acting as a protective barrier. These epithelial cells are characterized by the presence of notable potassium channels, which are critical for the regulation of the fluid layer. In human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE), the large-conductance Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-regulated potassium (BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>) channels, localized to the apical site of the plasma membrane, are critical for the maintenance of proper airway surface liquid volume. In this work, we focused on the role of the BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub> channel and its potential role in DNA damage response (DDR) after PM exposure. The mechanisms of DDR have been extensively studied, however, the involvement of ion channels in this phenomenon is not known. Therefore, we used depleted for the BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub> channel HBE cells (HBE \u0394\u03b1 BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>) as a physiological model. We demonstrated that exposure to standardized PM in HBE \u0394\u03b1 BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub> cells induced reduced clone formation capabilities, an increase in ROS levels, PARP1-dependent apoptosis, cell cycle changes, and an increase in DNA double-strand breaks. A gene expression assessment by qPCR analysis revealed changes in expression levels of genes encoding proteins, especially from the DNA-single strand breaks repair pathway involved in oxidative DNA damage repair. Our findings imply that the absence of the BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub> channel might weaken the cellular response to DNA damage, potentially making cells more susceptible to PM-induced genomic instability. In conclusion, our research indicates the novel role of the BK<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub> channel in DDR for the first time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03824-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T01:01:47Z","timestamp":1751418107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["BKCa channel as a novel regulator of cellular DNA damage response in human bronchial epithelial cells in the presence of particulate matter"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kamila","family":"Maliszewska-Olejniczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Kustra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"D\u0105browska-Hulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"\u017bochowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogusz","family":"Kulawiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Bednarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3824_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108662","volume":"696","author":"A Daiber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daiber, A. et al. Effects of air pollution particles (ultrafine and fine particulate matter) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress - Implications for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 696, 108662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108662 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"3824_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100205","volume":"12","author":"A Salvi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salvi, A., Liu, H. & Salim, S. Involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial mechanisms in air pollution-related Neurobiological impairments. Neurobiol. Stress. 12, 100205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100205 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"3824_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.07.031","volume":"242","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Li, Q., Ma, J. & Zhao, Y. PM2.5 impairs neurobehavior by oxidative stress and Myelin sheaths injury of brain in the rat. Environ. Pollut. 242, 994\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.07.031 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"3824_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho, C. C. et al. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies of PM(2.5) on disease progression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 15 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15071380 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071380"},{"key":"3824_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65785-5","volume":"10","author":"A Santovito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santovito, A., Gendusa, C., Cervella, P. & Traversi, D. In vitro genomic damage induced by urban fine particulate matter on human lymphocytes. Sci. Rep. 10, 8853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65785-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3824_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dabrowska, A., Zajac, M., Bednarczyk, P. & Lukasiak, A. Effect of Quercetin on mitoBK(Ca) channel and mitochondrial function in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to particulate matter. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010638 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010638"},{"key":"3824_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19830","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.185074","volume":"286","author":"D Manzanares","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manzanares, D. et al. Functional apical large conductance, Ca2+-activated, and voltage-dependent K\u2009+\u2009channels are required for maintenance of airway surface liquid volume. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 19830\u201319839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M110.185074 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"3824_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761474","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.761474","volume":"12","author":"N Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanabria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanabria, N., Echeverr\u00eda, F., Segura, I., Alvarado-S\u00e1nchez, R. & Latorre, R. BK in Double-Membrane organelles: A biophysical, Pharmacological, and functional survey. Front. Physiol. 12, 761474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.761474 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"3824_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3744","volume":"17","author":"B Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Nuclear BK channels regulate gene expression via the control of nuclear calcium signaling. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1055\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3744 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"3824_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90465-3","volume":"11","author":"S Ga\u0142ecka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ga\u0142ecka, S., Kulawiak, B., Bednarczyk, P., Singh, H. & Szewczyk, A. Single channel properties of mitochondrial large conductance potassium channel formed by BK-VEDEC splice variant. Sci. Rep. 11, 10925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90465-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3824_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10836","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302028110","volume":"110","author":"H Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh, H. et al. MitoBK(Ca) is encoded by the Kcnma1 gene, and a splicing sequence defines its mitochondrial location. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 110, 10836\u201310841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1302028110 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"3824_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szteyn, K. & Singh, H. BK(Ca) channels as targets for cardioprotection. Antioxid. (Basel). 9 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9080760 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080760"},{"key":"3824_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sek, A., Kampa, R. P., Kulawiak, B., Szewczyk, A. & Bednarczyk, P. Identification of the Large-Conductance Ca(2+)-Regulated potassium channel in mitochondria of human bronchial epithelial cells. Molecules 26 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26113233 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113233"},{"key":"3824_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-092622-094853","volume":"52","author":"I Szabo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szabo, I. & Szewczyk, A. Mitochondrial ion channels. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 52, 229\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biophys-092622-094853 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"3824_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02833-9","author":"B Kulawiak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kulawiak, B. et al. Loss of the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel causes an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in glioblastoma cells. Pflugers Arch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-023-02833-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"3824_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2024.101880","volume":"76","author":"K Maliszewska-Olejniczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maliszewska-Olejniczak, K. et al. Deficiency of the BK(Ca) potassium channel displayed significant implications for the physiology of the human bronchial epithelium. Mitochondrion 76, 101880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mito.2024.101880 (2024).","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"3824_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134666","volume":"711","author":"A Platel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Platel, A. et al. Study of in vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of air pollution fine (PM(2.5\u2009\u2013\u20090.18)) and quasi-ultrafine (PM(0.18)) particles on lung models. Sci. Total Environ. 711, 134666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134666 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"3824_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.093","volume":"234","author":"A Bhargava","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhargava, A. et al. Ultrafine particulate matter impairs mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediated DNA damage responses in lymphocytes. Environ. Pollut. 234, 406\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.093 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"3824_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2011.06.001","volume":"5","author":"MS Luijsterburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luijsterburg, M. S. & van Attikum, H. Chromatin and the DNA damage response: the cancer connection. Mol. Oncol. 5, 349\u2013367 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"3824_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2014.09.001","volume":"762","author":"P M\u00f8ller","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, P. et al. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 762, 133\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrrev.2014.09.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"3824_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(08)01606-6","volume":"446","author":"D Plesca","year":"2008","unstructured":"Plesca, D., Mazumder, S. & Almasan, A. DNA damage response and apoptosis. Methods Enzymol. 446, 107\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0076-6879(08)01606-6 (2008).","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"3824_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676575","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.676575","volume":"11","author":"K Maliszewska-Olejniczak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maliszewska-Olejniczak, K., Kaniowski, D., Araszkiewicz, M., Tymi\u0144ska, K. & Korgul, A. Molecular mechanisms of specific cellular DNA damage response and repair induced by the mixed radiation field during Boron neutron capture therapy. Front. Oncol. 11, 676575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.676575 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"3824_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh242","volume":"25","author":"L Ha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ha, L., Ceryak, S. & Patierno, S. R. Generation of S phase-dependent DNA double-strand breaks by Cr(VI) exposure: involvement of ATM in Cr(VI) induction of gamma-H2AX. Carcinogenesis 25, 2265\u20132274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgh242 (2004).","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"3824_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.08.015","volume":"657","author":"M Mehta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mehta, M., Chen, L. C., Gordon, T., Rom, W. & Tang, M. S. Particulate matter inhibits DNA repair and enhances mutagenesis. Mutat. Res. 657, 116\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.08.015 (2008).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"3824_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niu, B. Y. et al. Effects of DNA damage and oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to PM(2.5) from Beijing, China, in winter. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 17 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17134874 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134874"},{"key":"3824_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.03.024","volume":"3","author":"O Fernandez-Capetillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernandez-Capetillo, O., Lee, A., Nussenzweig, M. & Nussenzweig, A. H2AX: the histone guardian of the genome. DNA Repair. (Amst). 3, 959\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.03.024 (2004).","journal-title":"DNA Repair. (Amst)"},{"key":"3824_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maliszewska-Olejniczak, K., Dr\u00f3\u017cd\u017c, A., Walu\u015b, M., Dorosz, M. & Gryzi\u0144ski, M. A. Immunofluorescence imaging of DNA damage and repair foci in human Colon cancer cells. J Vis. Exp. 160, e61399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/61399 (2020).","DOI":"10.3791\/61399"},{"key":"3824_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00006707","volume":"31","author":"RM Mroz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mroz, R. M. et al. Nanoparticle-driven DNA damage mimics irradiation-related carcinogenesis pathways. Eur. Respir J. 31, 241\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00006707 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"key":"3824_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.11.004","volume":"1848","author":"SM Huber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huber, S. M. et al. Role of ion channels in ionizing radiation-induced cell death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1848, 2657\u20132664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.11.004 (2015).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"3824_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.02.020","volume":"1830","author":"K Masumoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Masumoto, K., Tsukimoto, M. & Kojima, S. Role of TRPM2 and TRPV1 cation channels in cellular responses to radiation-induced DNA damage. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1830, 3382\u20133390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.02.020 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"3824_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maliszewska-Olejniczak, K. & Bednarczyk, P. Novel insights into the role of ion channels in cellular DNA damage response. Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res. 108488 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrrev.2024.108488 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2024.108488"},{"key":"3824_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-010-0042-8","volume":"31","author":"D Eriksson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eriksson, D. & Stigbrand, T. Radiation-induced cell death mechanisms. Tumour Biol. 31, 363\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13277-010-0042-8 (2010).","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"3824_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.014479","volume":"296","author":"M Mashimo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mashimo, M. et al. The 89-kDa PARP1 cleavage fragment serves as a cytoplasmic PAR carrier to induce AIF-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 296, 100046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA120.014479 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"3824_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.07.017","volume":"55","author":"Q Xiong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiong, Q., Ru, Q., Chen, L., Tian, X. & Li, C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory response in the cytotoxicity of NR8383 macrophages induced by fine particulate matter. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 55, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2017.07.017 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"3824_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-5-6","volume":"5","author":"PH Danielsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Danielsen, P. H., Loft, S. & M\u00f8ller, P. DNA damage and cytotoxicity in type II lung epithelial (A549) cell cultures after exposure to diesel exhaust and urban street particles. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 5, 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8977-5-6 (2008).","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"3824_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chew, S. et al. Urban air particulate matter induces mitochondrial dysfunction in human olfactory mucosal cells. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 17 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-020-00352-4 (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00352-4"},{"key":"3824_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.143","volume":"8","author":"FA Ran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ran, F. A. et al. Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nat. Protoc. 8, 2281\u20132308 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"3824_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-018-00772-z","volume":"58","author":"B Brzozowska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brzozowska, B. et al. Freeware tool for analysing numbers and sizes of cell colonies. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 58, 109\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00411-018-00772-z (2019).","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"3824_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.339","volume":"1","author":"NA Franken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Franken, N. A., Rodermond, H. M., Stap, J., Haveman, J. & van Bree, C. Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro. Nat. Protoc. 1, 2315\u20132319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2006.339 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"3824_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gen064","volume":"24","author":"J Baure","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baure, J. et al. Histone H2AX phosphorylation in response to changes in chromatin structure induced by altered osmolarity. Mutagenesis 24, 161\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mutage\/gen064 (2009).","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"3824_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25, 402\u2013408, (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"3824_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00615-0","volume":"16","author":"N Brix","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brix, N., Samaga, D., Belka, C., Zitzelsberger, H. & Lauber, K. Analysis of clonogenic growth in vitro. Nat. Protoc. 16, 4963\u20134991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-021-00615-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"3824_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618806","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3618806","volume":"2022","author":"K Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, K., Hua, S. & Song, L. PM2.5 exposure and asthma development: the key role of oxidative stress. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022, 3618806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3618806 (2022).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"3824_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61477-2","volume":"10","author":"CA Nadalutti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadalutti, C. A. et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage accompany enhanced levels of formaldehyde in cultured primary human fibroblasts. Sci. Rep. 10, 5575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61477-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3824_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2022-0014","volume":"56","author":"V Todorovic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Todorovic, V. et al. Expression of DNA-damage response and repair genes after exposure to DNA-damaging agents in isogenic head and neck cells with altered radiosensitivity. Radiol. Oncol. 56, 173\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/raon-2022-0014 (2022).","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"3824_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19525-6","volume":"12","author":"L Nguekeu-Zebaze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguekeu-Zebaze, L. et al. PARP3 supervises G9a-mediated repression of adhesion and hypoxia-responsive genes in glioblastoma cells. Sci. Rep. 12, 15534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-19525-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3824_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016574108","volume":"108","author":"C Boehler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boehler, C. et al. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3), a newcomer in cellular response to DNA damage and mitotic progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 108, 2783\u20132788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1016574108 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"3824_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.01521-12","volume":"33","author":"K Somyajit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Somyajit, K., Basavaraju, S., Scully, R. & Nagaraju, G. ATM- and ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XRCC3 regulates DNA double-strand break-induced checkpoint activation and repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 33, 1830\u20131844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mcb.01521-12 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"3824_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.00134-15","volume":"35","author":"A Campalans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campalans, A. et al. Interaction with OGG1 is required for efficient recruitment of XRCC1 to base excision repair and maintenance of genetic stability after exposure to oxidative stress. Mol. Cell. Biol. 35, 1648\u20131658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mcb.00134-15 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"3824_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2025.103841","volume":"149","author":"MR Jordan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jordan, M. R., Mendoza-Munoz, P. L., Pawelczak, K. S. & Turchi, J. J. Targeting DNA damage sensors for cancer therapy. DNA Repair. (Amst). 149, 103841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dnarep.2025.103841 (2025).","journal-title":"DNA Repair. (Amst)"},{"key":"3824_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13285","volume":"16","author":"TL Clarke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clarke, T. L. & Mostoslavsky, R. DNA repair as a shared hallmark in cancer and ageing. Mol. Oncol. 16, 3352\u20133379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1878-0261.13285 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"3824_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2147\/ott.s326614","volume":"15","author":"L Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, L., Cayo, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, W., Vilos, C. & Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, R. Potassium channels as a target for Cancer therapy: current perspectives. Onco Targets Ther. 15, 783\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ott.s326614 (2022).","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"3824_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074469","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1074469","volume":"12","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, M., Tian, P., Zhao, Q., Ma, X. & Zhang, Y. Potassium channels: novel targets for tumor diagnosis and chemoresistance. Front. Oncol. 12, 1074469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.1074469 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"3824_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201404136","volume":"206","author":"X Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang, X. & Jan, L. Y. Targeting potassium channels in cancer. J. Cell. Biol. 206, 151\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201404136 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"3824_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","volume":"74","author":"KH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, K. H., Kabir, E. & Kabir, S. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environ. Int. 74, 136\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"3824_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.028","volume":"230","author":"B Leclercq","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leclercq, B. et al. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal and sensitive COPD-diseased human bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM(2.5). Environ. Pollut. 230, 163\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.028 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"3824_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0394-0","volume":"52","author":"GD Leikauf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leikauf, G. D., Kim, S. H. & Jang, A. S. Mechanisms of ultrafine particle-induced respiratory health effects. Exp. Mol. Med. 52, 329\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0394-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"3824_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12389","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, W. X., Bai, C. & Song, Y. Particulate matter-induced epigenetic changes and lung cancer. Clin. Respir J. 11, 539\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/crj.12389 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Respir J."},{"key":"3824_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152581","volume":"444","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Fine particulate matter exposure induces DNA damage by downregulating Rad51 expression in human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells in vitro. Toxicology 444, 152581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152581 (2020).","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"3824_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-63","volume":"10","author":"E Longhin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Longhin, E. et al. Cell cycle alterations induced by urban PM2.5 in bronchial epithelial cells: characterization of the process and possible mechanisms involved. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 10, 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8977-10-63 (2013).","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"3824_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.01.010","volume":"278","author":"Y S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, Y. et al. DNA damage response of A549 cells treated with particulate matter (PM10) of urban air pollutants. Cancer Lett. 278, 192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.01.010 (2009).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"3824_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111871","volume":"210","author":"S Tao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tao, S. et al. Exposure to different fractions of diesel exhaust PM(2.5) induces different levels of pulmonary inflammation and acute phase response. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 210, 111871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111871 (2021).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"3824_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12431-w","volume":"28","author":"H Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei, H., Yuan, W., Yu, H. & Geng, H. Cytotoxicity induced by fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in rat alveolar macrophages. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int. 28, 25819\u201325829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12431-w (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int."},{"key":"3824_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1617454","volume":"18","author":"JM Rodriguez-Vargas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Vargas, J. M., Nguekeu-Zebaze, L. & Dantzer, F. PARP3 comes to light as a prime target in cancer therapy. Cell. Cycle. 18, 1295\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15384101.2019.1617454 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell. Cycle"},{"key":"3824_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gem040","volume":"23","author":"RA Mateuca","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mateuca, R. A. et al. hOGG1(326), XRCC1(399) and XRCC3(241) polymorphisms influence micronucleus frequencies in human lymphocytes in vivo. Mutagenesis 23, 35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mutage\/gem040 (2008).","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"3824_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33684","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603678200","volume":"281","author":"MS Bentle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bentle, M. S., Reinicke, K. E., Bey, E. A., Spitz, D. R. & Boothman, D. A. Calcium-dependent modulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 alters cellular metabolism and DNA repair. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 33684\u201333696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M603678200 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"3824_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41096-2","volume":"9","author":"VI Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin, V. I. et al. Cell Cycle-Dependent expression of Bk channels in human mesenchymal endometrial stem cells. Sci. Rep. 9, 4595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-41096-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3824_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palma, F. R. et al. ROS production by mitochondria: function or dysfunction? Oncogene 43, 295\u2013303, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-023-02907-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02907-z"},{"key":"3824_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00523-5","volume":"23","author":"L Heinke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heinke, L. Mitochondrial ROS drive cell cycle progression. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-022-00523-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03824-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03824-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03824-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T01:01:49Z","timestamp":1751418109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-03824-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03824-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"22789"}}