{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:00:22Z","timestamp":1790960422452,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04248-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:57:58Z","timestamp":1751385478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental and CFD analysis of flow impediments and encrustation in ureteral stents using in vitro urinary tract model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Md. Didarul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Jeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Jin","family":"Tae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung\u2011Wuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Bae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Rakibuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Uk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.10.123","volume":"193","author":"J Fiuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fiuk, J., Bao, Y., Calleary, J. G., Schwartz, B. F. & Denstedt, J. D. The use of internal stents in chronic ureteral obstruction. J. Urol. 193, 1092\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2014.10.123 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhc.2020.225126","volume":"11","author":"S Mansour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mansour, S., El- Meligy, A., Hassan, O. I., Salem, F. E. H. & A. & Effect of educational intervention for nurses about pre and Post-Operative care on clinical outcomes of patients undergoing ureteral stent surgery. Egypt. J. Health Care. 11, 1012\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejhc.2020.225126 (2020).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Health Care"},{"key":"4248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/2051415817722934","volume":"11","author":"KG Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams, K. G., Blacker, A. J. & Kumar, P. Ureteric stents: the past, present and future. J. Clin. Urol. 11, 280\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2051415817722934 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.340","volume":"12","author":"D Lange","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lange, D., Bidnur, S., Hoag, N. & Chew, B. H. Ureteral stent-associated complications\u2014where we are and where we are going. Nat. Rev. Urol. 12, 17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2014.340 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0779-y","volume":"19","author":"A Mosayyebi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mosayyebi, A., Manes, C., Carugo, D. & Somani, B. K. Advances in ureteral stent design and materials. Curr. Urol. Rep. 19, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11934-018-0779-y (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"4248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02647-8","volume":"11","author":"CY Hsiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsiao, C. Y., Chen, T. H., Lee, Y. C. & Wang, M. C. Ureteral stone with hydronephrosis and urolithiasis alone are risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients with urinary tract infection. Sci. Rep. 11, 23333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-02647-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0854","author":"H Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, H. & Yuan, J. B. New insights into the prevention of ureteral stents encrustation. Open Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/med-2023-0854 (2023).","journal-title":"OpenMed."},{"key":"4248_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2004.18.550","volume":"18","author":"G Bithelis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bithelis, G. et al. Assessment of encrustations on polyurethane ureteral stents. J. Endourol. 18, 550\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/end.2004.18.550 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Endourol"},{"key":"4248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.5414\/CN111038","volume":"99","author":"SB Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, S. B. et al. Evaluation of encrustation of double J stents with artificial urine. Clin. Nephrol. 99, 290\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5414\/CN111038 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"4248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2000.14.1","volume":"14","author":"SK Choong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Choong, S. K. & Whitfield, H. N. Urinary encrustation of alloplastic materials. J. Endourol. 14, 19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/end.2000.14.1 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Endourol"},{"key":"4248_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.7417\/T.2015.1890","volume":"166","author":"G Mennuni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mennuni, G. et al. Prevention and treatment of nephrolithiasis: A review on the role of spa therapy. Clin. Ter. 166, 344\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7417\/T.2015.1890 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"4248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0725-9","volume":"30","author":"CF Heyns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heyns, C. F. Urinary tract infection associated with conditions causing urinary tract obstruction and stasis, excluding urolithiasis and neuropathic bladder. World J. Urol. 30, 77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-011-0725-9 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(01)00133-2","volume":"45","author":"PA Longhurst","year":"2001","unstructured":"Longhurst, P. A. & Uvelius, B. Pharmacological techniques for the in vitro study of the urinary bladder. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 45, 91\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1056-8719(01)00133-2 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"4248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.059","volume":"81","author":"S Milo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milo, S. et al. An in-situ infection detection sensor coating for urinary catheters. Biosens. Bioelectron. 81, 166\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.059 (2016).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"4248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1212","volume":"5","author":"HM Rasouly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rasouly, H. M. & Lu, W. Lower urinary tract development and disease. WIREs Syst. Biol. Med. 5, 307\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wsbm.1212 (2013).","journal-title":"WIREs Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"4248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx441","volume":"73","author":"IJ Abbott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbott, I. J. et al. Fosfomycin efficacy and emergence of resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in an in vitro dynamic bladder infection model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 73, 709\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkx441 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"4248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.05.016","volume":"132","author":"HI Rad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rad, H. I. et al. Allicin prevents the formation of Proteus-induced urinary crystals and the blockage of catheter in a bladder model in vitro. Microb. Pathog. 132, 293\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.05.016 (2019).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog"},{"key":"4248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1086\/502241","volume":"24","author":"TA Gaonkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gaonkar, T. A. et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of urinary catheters impregnated with antiseptics in an in vitro urinary tract model. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 24, 506\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/502241 (2003).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"4248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.7113","volume":"17","author":"Y Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Wang, J., Hao, Z., Wang, S. & Liang, C. Biodegradable Ciprofloxacinincorporated waterborne polyurethane polymers prevent bacterial biofilm formation in vitro. Exp. Ther. Med. 17, 1831\u20131836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2018.7113 (2019).","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"4248_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.09.002","volume":"427","author":"AE Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts, A. E., Kragh, K. N., Bjarnsholt, T. & Diggle, S. P. The limitations of in vitro experimentation in Understanding biofilms and chronic infection. J. Mol. Biol. 427, 3646\u20133661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.09.002 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"4248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.05.006","volume":"97","author":"RYR Chua","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chua, R. Y. R., Lim, K., Leong, S. S. J., Tambyah, P. A. & Ho, B. An in-vitro urinary catheterization model that approximates clinical conditions for evaluation of innovations to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. J. Hosp. Infect. 97, 66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.05.006 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"4248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1243\/EMED_JOUR_1987_016_009_02","volume":"16","author":"AJ Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox, A. J., Hukins, D. W. L., Davies, K. E., Irlam, J. C. & Sutton, T. M. An automated technique for in vitro assessment of the susceptibility of urinary catheter materials to encrustation. Eng. Med. 16, 37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1243\/EMED_JOUR_1987_016_009_02 (1987).","journal-title":"Eng. Med."},{"key":"4248_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-024-05191-y","volume":"42","author":"J Pannek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pannek, J. et al. An in-vitro model for bacteria-related catheter encrustations. World J. Urol. 42, 469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-024-05191-y (2024).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30757-8_13","volume-title":"Biofilms in Human Diseases: Treatment and Control","author":"J Agarwal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agarwal, J. & Radera, S. Biofilm-mediated urinary tract infections. In Biofilms in Human Diseases: Treatment and Control (ed (eds Kumar, S. et al.) (Springer, Cham, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30757-8_13 (2019)."},{"key":"4248_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.009","volume":"172","author":"J Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, J. et al. In vitro and in vivo assessment of a bilayered degradable rapamycin-eluting stent for ureteral stricture caused by holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy. Acta Biomater. 172, 321\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.009 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"4248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10407","volume":"1","author":"S Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng, S. et al. Fluid mechanical performance of ureteral stents: the role of side hole and lumen size. Bioeng. Transl Med. 1, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/btm2.10407 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl Med."},{"key":"4248_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-024-04920-7","volume":"42","author":"YH Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi, Y. H. et al. Evaluation of renovated double J stents using ureter models with and without stenosis. World J. Urol. 42, 228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-024-04920-7 (2024).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-021-00865-w","volume":"21","author":"Y Shilo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shilo, Y. et al. Comparative study of renal drainage with different ureteral stents subject to extrinsic ureteral obstruction using an in vitro ureter-stent model. BMC Urol. 21, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-021-00865-w (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1523","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1523","volume":"13","author":"S Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng, S. et al. Fluid mechanical modeling of the upper urinary tract. WIREs Mech. Dis. 13, e1523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wsbm.1523 (2021).","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis."},{"key":"4248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026102","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0083260","volume":"6","author":"A Mosayyebi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mosayyebi, A. et al. The accumulation of particles in ureteric stents is mediated by flow dynamics: full-scale computational and experimental modeling of the occluded and unoccluded ureter. APL Bioeng. 6, 026102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0083260 (2022).","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"4248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04356-5","volume":"41","author":"B Vogt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vogt, B. Investigating the encrustation of reinforced ureteral stents by computational flow dynamic simulations. World J. Urol. 41, 1451\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-023-04356-5 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"4248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.11.031","author":"SE Majdalany","year":"2020","unstructured":"Majdalany, S. E. et al. In vivo evaluation of a novel Pigtail suture stent. Urology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2020.11.031 (2020).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"4248_CR33","unstructured":"Mosayyebi, A. Mechanisms of encrustation within ureteral stents. Doctoral Thesis, University of Southampton (2018)."},{"key":"4248_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5172641","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5172641","volume":"11","author":"KW Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, K. W. et al. Analysis of urine flow in three different ureter models. Comput. Math. Methods Med. 11, 5172641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/5172641 (2017).","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"4248_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5059370","volume":"13","author":"A Mosayyebi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mosayyebi, A. et al. Reducing deposition of encrustation in ureteric stents by changing the stent architecture: A microfluidic-based investigation. Biomicrofluidics 13, 014101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5059370 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"4248_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-020-01211-9","volume":"49","author":"K Arkusz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arkusz, K. et al. Surface analysis of ureteral stent before and after implantation in the bodies of child patients. Urolithiasis 49, 83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00240-020-01211-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"4248_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126424","volume":"404","author":"TG Vladkova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vladkova, T. G. et al. Surface engineered biomaterials and ureteral stents inhibiting biofilm formation and encrustation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 404, 126424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126424 (2020).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"4248_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3294","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3294","volume":"36","author":"KW Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, K. W. et al. Urine flow analysis using double J stents of various sizes in in vitro ureter models. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng. 36, e3294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnm.3294 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"4248_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2024.108512","volume":"192","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Enhanced long-term performance of ureteral stents with functional coating: combating bacterial adhesion and inhibiting encrustation. Prog Org. Coat. 192, 108512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2024.108512 (2024).","journal-title":"Prog Org. Coat."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04248-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04248-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04248-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:58:00Z","timestamp":1751385480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04248-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-04248-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Human subjects were not included in this study. No animal subjects were included in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}}],"article-number":"22034"}}