{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:04:00Z","timestamp":1788498240043,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To analyze dynamic patterns of arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO\u2082) using latent class growth analysis in acute brain injury patients and investigate their associations with 28-day ICU mortality and 60-day in-hospital mortality. This retrospective study utilized the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. We applied latent class growth analysis to analyze PaCO\u2082 dynamic patterns during the first 72\u00a0h after ICU admission in adult patients with acute brain injury. Associations between trajectories and outcomes were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Among the included acute brain injury patients (n\u2009=\u20091,145), three distinct PaCO\u2082 trajectories were identified: persistent hypocapnia pattern (23.7%), normal-mild regulation pattern (65.9%), and hypercapnia improvement pattern (10.5%). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that, compared with the normal-mild regulation pattern, the persistent hypocapnia pattern was significantly associated with higher risk of 28-day ICU mortality (HR\u2009=\u20091.28, 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.60) and 60-day in-hospital mortality (HR\u2009=\u20091.28, 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.59) after adjusting for confounding factors. The hypercapnia improvement pattern demonstrated a potentially protective association. This study identified distinct patterns of PaCO\u2082 dynamic changes in acute brain injury patients. Our analysis demonstrated that persistent hypocapnia was associated with higher risk of 28-day ICU and 60-day in-hospital mortality, while the hypercapnia improvement pattern showed potentially protective association. These results suggest the complexity of PaCO\u2082 management and the need for more individualized respiratory management strategies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04793-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T20:58:15Z","timestamp":1748638695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Latent class growth analysis of dynamic PaCo2 patterns and clinical outcomes in acute brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renjie","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1293-6","volume":"20","author":"J Donnelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donnelly, J., Budohoski, K. 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