{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T05:17:02Z","timestamp":1793078222932,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL139639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL139639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL139639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL139639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD095501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD095501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04892-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T09:34:55Z","timestamp":1751362495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sexually dimorphic impact of prenatal hyperandrogenism on offspring growth trajectory in sheep"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eylem","family":"Topaktas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Domke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Pallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Ghnenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansi","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah P.","family":"Shriver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary J.","family":"Patti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasantha","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita Kalla","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4892_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428","volume":"23","author":"DJ Barker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barker, D. J. The developmental origins of adult disease. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23, 588S-595S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"4892_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00033","volume":"127","author":"AL Fowden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fowden, A. L. & Forhead, A. J. Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming. Reproduction 127, 515\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep.1.00033 (2004).","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"4892_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1003","volume":"157","author":"V Padmanabhan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Padmanabhan, V., Cardoso, R. C. & Puttabyatappa, M. Developmental programming, a pathway to disease. Endocrinology 157, 1328\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2016-1003 (2016).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4892_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2013","volume":"94","author":"MA Hanson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hanson, M. A. & Gluckman, P. D. Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: Physiology or pathophysiology?. Physiol. Rev. 94, 1027\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00029.2013 (2014).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"4892_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.127","volume":"13","author":"V Mericq","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mericq, V. et al. Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 13, 50\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2016.127 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4892_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7181.427","volume":"318","author":"JG Eriksson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eriksson, J. G. et al. Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: longitudinal study. BMJ 318, 427\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.318.7181.427 (1999).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4892_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.761","volume":"301","author":"RW Leunissen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leunissen, R. W., Kerkhof, G. F., Stijnen, T. & Hokken-Koelega, A. Timing and tempo of first-year rapid growth in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in early adulthood. JAMA 301, 2234\u20132242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.761 (2009).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4892_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5540-z","volume":"402","author":"D Favretto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Favretto, D. et al. Cord blood metabolomic profiling in intrauterine growth restriction. Ana. Bioanal. Chem. 402, 1109\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-011-5540-z (2012).","journal-title":"Ana. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.605868","volume":"24","author":"A Dessi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dessi, A. et al. Metabolomics in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): Urine reveals markers of metabolic syndrome. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 24(2), 35\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2011.605868 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"4892_CR10","first-page":"384","volume":"73","author":"T Stallmach","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stallmach, T. et al. Cytokine production and visualized effects in the feto-maternal unit. Quantitative and topographic data on cytokines during intrauterine disease. Lab. Invest. 73, 384\u2013392 (1995).","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"4892_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(00)00622-6","volume":"67","author":"JC Pickup","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pickup, J. C., Chusney, G. D., Thomas, S. M. & Burt, D. Plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes. Life Sci 67, 291\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0024-3205(00)00622-6 (2000).","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4892_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090357","volume":"9","author":"Lourenco, B. H., Cardoso, M. A. & Team, A. S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lourenco, B. H., Cardoso, M. A. & Team, A. S. C-reactive protein concentration predicts change in body mass index during childhood. PLoS ONE 9, e90357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090357 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4892_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.851186","volume":"27","author":"P Krajewski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krajewski, P. et al. Assessment of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interleukin-18 count in the serum of IUGR newborns. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 27, 1142\u20131145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2013.851186 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"4892_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.313","volume":"83","author":"EM Perrin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perrin, E. M. et al. Elevations of inflammatory proteins in neonatal blood are associated with obesity and overweight among 2-year-old children born extremely premature. Pediatr. Res. 83, 1110\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2017.313 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"4892_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.98","volume":"12","author":"X Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, X. Lipidomics for studying metabolism. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 12, 668\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2016.98 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4892_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06882","volume":"453","author":"E Holmes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holmes, E. et al. Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature 453, 396\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06882 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4892_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.39","volume":"39","author":"E Isganaitis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isganaitis, E. et al. Associations of cord blood metabolites with early childhood obesity risk. Int. J. Obes. (Lond) 39, 1041\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2015.39 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"4892_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115154","volume":"7","author":"RC Cardoso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cardoso, R. C. & Padmanabhan, V. Prenatal Steroids and Metabolic Dysfunction: Lessons from Sheep. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 7, 337\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115154 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"4892_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.10.005","volume":"373","author":"V Padmanabhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Padmanabhan, V. & Veiga-Lopez, A. Sheep models of polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 373, 8\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2012.10.005 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"4892_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0478","volume":"145","author":"M Manikkam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Manikkam, M. et al. Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone excess leads to fetal growth retardation and postnatal catch-up growth in sheep. Endocrinology 145, 790\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2003-0478 (2004).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4892_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1444","volume":"146","author":"T Steckler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steckler, T., Wang, J., Bartol, F. F., Roy, S. K. & Padmanabhan, V. Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone treatment causes intrauterine growth retardation, reduces ovarian reserve and increases ovarian follicular recruitment. Endocrinology 146, 3185\u20133193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2004-1444 (2005).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4892_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.11.016","volume":"246","author":"V Padmanabhan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Padmanabhan, V., Manikkam, M., Recabarren, S. & Foster, D. Prenatal testosterone excess programs reproductive and metabolic dysfunction in the female. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 246, 165\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2005.11.016 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4892_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.103929","volume":"572","author":"EJ Crespi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crespi, E. J., Steckler, T. L., Mohankumar, P. S. & Padmanabhan, V. Prenatal exposure to excess testosterone modifies the developmental trajectory of the insulin-like growth factor system in female sheep. J. Physiol. 572, 119\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.103929 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"558","key":"4892_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.03.021","volume":"204","author":"LE Kjerulff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kjerulff, L. E., Sanchez-Ramos, L. & Duffy, D. Pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A metaanalysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 204(558), e551-556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.03.021 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"4892_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1801","volume":"158","author":"C Hakim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hakim, C., Padmanabhan, V. & Vyas, A. K. Gestational hyperandrogenism in developmental programming. Endocrinology 158, 199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2016-1801 (2017).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4892_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(02)04764-7","volume":"79","author":"A Dokras","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dokras, A., Spaczynski, R. Z., Behrman, H. R. & Duleba, A. J. Testosterone levels in pregnant women correlate with the insulin response during the glucose tolerance test. Fertil. Steril. 79, 492\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(02)04764-7 (2003).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"4892_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/0144361031000074637","volume":"23","author":"C Ficicioglu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ficicioglu, C. & Kutlu, T. The role of androgens in the aetiology and pathology of pre-eclampsia. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 23, 134\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144361031000074637 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"4892_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70150-x","volume":"180","author":"MT Acromite","year":"1999","unstructured":"Acromite, M. T., Mantzoros, C. S., Leach, R. E., Hurwitz, J. & Dorey, L. G. Androgens in preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 180, 60\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70150-x (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"4892_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad187","author":"N Saadat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saadat, N., Ciarelli, J., Pallas, B., Padmanabhan, V. & Vyas, A. K. Sex-specific perturbation of systemic lipidomic profile in newborn lambs impacted by prenatal testosterone excess. Endocrinology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqad187 (2023).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4892_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1879","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00706.2006","volume":"292","author":"JA Owens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Owens, J. A. et al. Sex-specific effects of placental restriction on components of the metabolic syndrome in young adult sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 292, E1879-1889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00706.2006 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4892_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R875","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00430.2006","volume":"292","author":"MJ De Blasio","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Blasio, M. J., Gatford, K. L., Robinson, J. S. & Owens, J. A. Placental restriction of fetal growth reduces size at birth and alters postnatal growth, feeding activity, and adiposity in the young lamb. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292, R875-886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00430.2006 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"4892_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.7392600x","volume":"73","author":"JW Gill","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gill, J. W. & Hosking, B. J. Acute prenatal androgen treatment increases birth weights and growth rates in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2600\u20132608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/1995.7392600x (1995).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"4892_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9961315","volume":"47","author":"JG Hosking","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hosking, J. G. & a. B.,. Effects of prenatal steroid environment on fetal size and morphology in twin sheep. Austr. J. Agri. Res. 47, 1315\u20131322 (1996).","journal-title":"Austr. J. Agri. Res."},{"key":"4892_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-185-42535","volume":"185","author":"J Klindt","year":"1987","unstructured":"Klindt, J., Jenkins, T. G. & Ford, J. J. Prenatal androgen exposure and growth and secretion of growth hormone and prolactin in ewes postweaning. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 185, 201\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181\/00379727-185-42535 (1987).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"4892_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.6651179x","volume":"66","author":"TG Jenkins","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jenkins, T. G., Ford, J. J. & Klindt, J. Postweaning growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition of sheep as affected by prenatal and postnatal testosterone. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 1179\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas1988.6651179x (1988).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"4892_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00128.2009","volume":"298","author":"Y Shahkhalili","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shahkhalili, Y., Moulin, J., Zbinden, I., Aprikian, O. & Mace, K. Comparison of two models of intrauterine growth restriction for early catch-up growth and later development of glucose intolerance and obesity in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298, R141-146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00128.2009 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"4892_CR37","first-page":"317","volume":"14","author":"JJF Klindt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Klindt, J. J. F. J. in Animal Growth Regulation Ch. 14, 317\u2013336 (1989).","journal-title":"J. in Animal Growth Regulation Ch."},{"key":"4892_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174420000665","volume":"12","author":"A Carrasco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carrasco, A. et al. Insulin sensitivity in male sheep born to ewes treated with testosterone during pregnancy. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 12, 456\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2040174420000665 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"4892_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.08.038","volume":"77","author":"M Wankowska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wankowska, M. Influence of testicular hormones on the somatostatin-GH system during the growth promoted transition to puberty in sheep. Theriogenology 77, 615\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.08.038 (2012).","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"4892_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1130153","volume":"113","author":"MF Tarttelin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tarttelin, M. F. Early prenatal treatment of ewes with testosterone completely masculinises external genitalia of female offspring but has no effects on early body weight changes. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 113, 153\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/acta.0.1130153 (1986).","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"4892_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/829862","volume":"2014","author":"ES Riddle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Riddle, E. S. et al. Intrauterine growth restriction increases TNF alpha and activates the unfolded protein response in male rat pups. J. Obes. 2014, 829862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/829862 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"4892_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/401595","volume":"2014","author":"S Visentin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Visentin, S. et al. Adiponectin levels are reduced while markers of systemic inflammation and aortic remodelling are increased in intrauterine growth restricted mother-child couple. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 401595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/401595 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"4892_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1021\/pr2003193","volume":"10","author":"MC Alexandre-Gouabau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alexandre-Gouabau, M. C. et al. Offspring metabolomic response to maternal protein restriction in a rat model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). J. Proteome Res. 10, 3292\u20133302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/pr2003193 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"4892_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.153411","volume":"142","author":"G Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin, G. et al. Metabolomic analysis reveals differences in umbilical vein plasma metabolites between normal and growth-restricted fetal pigs during late gestation. J. Nutr. 142, 990\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.111.153411 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"4892_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193110","author":"SS Chassen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chassen, S. S. et al. Altered Cord Blood Lipid Concentrations Correlate with Birth Weight and Doppler Velocimetry of Fetal Vessels in Human Fetal Growth Restriction Pregnancies. Cells https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11193110 (2022).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4892_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110747","volume":"9","author":"HA Korkes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korkes, H. A. et al. Lipidomic assessment of plasma and placenta of women with early-onset preeclampsia. PLoS ONE 9, e110747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0110747 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4892_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.01.007","volume":"32","author":"Q Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Francis, E., Hu, G. & Chen, L. Metabolomic profiling of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their offspring: Review of metabolomics studies. J. Diabetes Compl. 32, 512\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.01.007 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Compl."},{"key":"4892_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01752-5","volume":"17","author":"T Jaaskelainen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaaskelainen, T. et al. A non-targeted LC-MS metabolic profiling of pregnancy: Longitudinal evidence from healthy and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Metabolomics 17, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-020-01752-5 (2021).","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"4892_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061411","author":"JM Chao de la Barca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chao de la Barca, J. M. et al. A Metabolomic Profiling of Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction in Placenta and Cord Blood Points to an Impairment of Lipid and Energetic Metabolism. Biomedicines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10061411 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4892_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-015-0018-9","volume":"33","author":"S Kabaran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabaran, S. & Besler, H. T. Do fatty acids affect fetal programming?. J Health Popul Nutr 33, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41043-015-0018-9 (2015).","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"4892_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(85)80173-6","volume":"107","author":"RM Kliegman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kliegman, R. M. & Sparks, J. W. Perinatal galactose metabolism. J Pediatr 107, 831\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(85)80173-6 (1985).","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4892_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105422","volume":"160","author":"A Schupper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schupper, A. et al. Metabolic biomarkers of small and large for gestational age newborns. Early Hum. Dev. 160, 105422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105422 (2021).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13384","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13384","volume":"23","author":"E Handakas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Handakas, E. et al. A systematic review of metabolomic studies of childhood obesity: State of the evidence for metabolic determinants and consequences. Obes. Rev. 23(1), 13384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13384 (2022).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"4892_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071454","author":"N Polidori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polidori, N., Grasso, E. A., Chiarelli, F. & Giannini, C. Amino acid-related metabolic signature in obese children and adolescents. Nutrients https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14071454 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4892_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2741\/4338","volume":"20","author":"Y Duan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duan, Y. et al. Nutritional and regulatory roles of leucine in muscle growth and fat reduction. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 20, 796\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/4338 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"4892_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0492","volume":"94","author":"V Padmanabhan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Padmanabhan, V. Polycystic ovary syndrome\u2013\"A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma\". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 1883\u20131885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-0492 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4892_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei009","volume":"20","author":"T Sir-Petermann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sir-Petermann, T. et al. Birth weight in offspring of mothers with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 20, 2122\u20132126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dei009 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"4892_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117749761","volume":"25","author":"MA Wilde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilde, M. A. et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic health of 74 children from women previously diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome in comparison with a population-based reference cohort. Reprod. Sci. 25, 1492\u20131500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719117749761 (2018).","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"4892_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci7030049","author":"R Hart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hart, R. Generational health impact of PCOS on women and their children. Med Sci (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci7030049 (2019).","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"4892_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56886-6","volume":"14","author":"N Saadat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saadat, N., Pallas, B., Ciarelli, J., Vyas, A. K. & Padmanabhan, V. Gestational testosterone excess early to mid-pregnancy disrupts maternal lipid homeostasis and activates biosynthesis of phosphoinositides and phosphatidylethanolamines in sheep. Sci Rep 14, 6230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56886-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4892_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112234","volume":"588","author":"KM Halloran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Halloran, K. M. et al. Developmental programming: Testosterone excess masculinizes female pancreatic transcriptome and function in sheep. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 588, 112234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112234 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"4892_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58116-5","volume":"14","author":"SV Thangaraj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thangaraj, S. V. et al. Comparative lipidome study of maternal plasma, milk, and lamb plasma in sheep. Sci. Rep. 14, 7401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-58116-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4892_CR63","unstructured":"Association), A. A. V. M. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. (Schaumburg, Illinois, 2020)."},{"key":"4892_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae253","volume":"52","author":"Z Pang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pang, Z. et al. MetaboAnalyst 6.0: towards a unified platform for metabolomics data processing, analysis and interpretation. Nucleic Acids Res. 52, 398\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkae253 (2024).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"4892_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00640","volume":"19","author":"KJ Adams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adams, K. J. et al. Skyline for small molecules: A unifying software package for quantitative metabolomics. J. Proteome. Res. 19, 1447\u20131458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00640 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Proteome. Res."},{"key":"4892_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen, J. A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155\u2013159 (1992).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"4892_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x","volume":"82","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S. & Cuthill, I. C. Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: A practical guide for biologists. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 82, 591\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"4892_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","volume":"4","author":"GM Sullivan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sullivan, G. M. & Feinn, R. Using effect size-or why the P value is not enough. J. Grad. Med. Educ. 4, 279\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"4892_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-00857-9","volume":"567","author":"V Amrhein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amrhein, V., Greenland, S. & McShane, B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature 567, 305\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-019-00857-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04892-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04892-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04892-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T09:34:58Z","timestamp":1751362498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04892-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-04892-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20394"}}