{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:07:13Z","timestamp":1787677633891,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Joint Fund Project of Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Programme","award":["2023-MSLH-021\uff1b2023021014-JH2\/1017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-MSLH-021\uff1b2023021014-JH2\/1017"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Ministry of Education of Liaoning Province","award":["LJKQZ20222382, LJKZZ20220100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKQZ20222382, LJKZZ20220100"]}]},{"name":"the Interdisciplinary Research Cooperation Project Team Funding of Dalian Medical University Planning and research category","award":["JCHZ2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCHZ2023001"]}]},{"name":"the Interdisciplinary Research Cooperation Project Team Funding of Dalian Medical University Youth-specific category of free exploration","award":["JCHZ2023020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCHZ2023020"]}]},{"name":"the United Foundation for Medico-engineering Cooperation from Dalian Neusoft University of Information and the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University","award":["LH-JSRZ-202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH-JSRZ-202201"]}]},{"name":"\u201c1+X\u201dProgram for Clinical Competency Enhancemen\u2013interdisciplinary Innovation Project, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University","award":["2022JCXKYB15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JCXKYB15"]}]},{"name":"the Young Reserve Talent Project of the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University","award":["dy2yhbrc202010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["dy2yhbrc202010"]}]},{"name":"the United Foundation for Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017661","name":"China Health Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04893-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T07:26:30Z","timestamp":1749021990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a machine learning-based model to predict urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy: a multicentre retrospective study and updated meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hepeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengxiang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000752","volume":"30","author":"R Carando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carando, R., Shariat, S. F., Moschini, M. & D\u2019Andrea, D. Ureteral and urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy: a systematic review. Curr. Opin. Urol. 30 (3), 441\u2013448 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(95)01586-6","volume":"36","author":"W De Neve","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Neve, W., Lybeert, M. L., Goor, C., Crommelin, M. A. & Ribot, J. G. Radiotherapy for T2 and T3 carcinoma of the bladder: the influence of overall treatment time. Radiother Oncol. 36 (3), 183\u2013188 (1995).","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590902854313","volume":"43","author":"T Granfors","year":"2009","unstructured":"Granfors, T., Tomic, R. & Ljungberg, B. Downstaging and survival benefits of neoadjuvant radiotherapy before cystectomy for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 43 (4), 293\u2013299 (2009).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"4893_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, A. et al. Urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy: risk factors and outcomes. J. Clin. OncologyJ Clin. Oncol. (2021). 39(6 SUPPL).","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.416"},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR5","first-page":"e540","volume":"195","author":"I Fakhreldin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fakhreldin, I. et al. Urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy: revisiting the incidence and predictors in a large contemporary series. J. UrologyJ Urol. 195 (4), e540 (2016).","journal-title":"J. UrologyJ Urol."},{"issue":"10221","key":"4893_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32998-8","volume":"395","author":"OJ Skrede","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skrede, O. J. et al. Deep learning for prediction of colorectal cancer outcome: a discovery and validation study. Lancet 395 (10221), 350\u2013360 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.08.058","volume":"158","author":"C Le Berre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Berre, C. et al. Application of artificial intelligence to gastroenterology and hepatology. Gastroenterology 158 (1), 76\u201394e2 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4893_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694306","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.694306","volume":"9","author":"OJ Achilonu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Achilonu, O. J. et al. Predicting colorectal Cancer recurrence and patient survival using supervised machine learning approach: A South African Population-Based study. Front. Public. Health. 9, 694306 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"4893_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09577.x","volume":"107","author":"EC Kauffman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kauffman, E. C. et al. Early oncological outcomes for bladder urothelial carcinoma patients treated with robotic-assisted radical cystectomy. BJU Int. 107, 628\u2013635 (2011).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"4893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.3.666","volume":"19","author":"JP Stein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stein, J. P. et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 666\u2013675 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4893_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2542866","volume":"28","author":"K Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, K., Huang, S. H., Wong, D. S. & Jang, S. S. Design and application of a variable selection method for multilayer perceptron neural network with LASSO. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 28 (6), 1386\u20131396 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"4893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameksa, M., Elamrani Abou Elassad, Z., Lamjadli, S. & Mousannif, H. Predicting stroke events with a proactive fusion system: a comprehensive study on imbalance class handling in computational biomechanics. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin : 1\u201318. (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2024.2363946"},{"key":"4893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-024-01297-1","volume":"26","author":"SA Tiruneh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiruneh, S. A., Vu, T., Rolnik, D. L., Teede, H. J. & Enticott, J. Machine learning algorithms versus classical regression models in Pre-Eclampsia prediction: A systematic review. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 26, 309\u2013323 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"4893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-020-00075-2","volume":"4","author":"AL Lynam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lynam, A. L. et al. Logistic regression has similar performance to optimised machine learning algorithms in a clinical setting: application to the discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults. Diagn. Progn Res. 4, 6 (2020).","journal-title":"Diagn. Progn Res."},{"key":"4893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02341-x","volume":"23","author":"D Nickson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nickson, D., Meyer, C., Walasek, L. & Toro, C. Prediction and diagnosis of depression using machine learning with electronic health records data: a systematic review. BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak. 23, 271 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"4893_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762412726","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241272697","volume":"10","author":"YH Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, Y. H. et al. Re-hospitalization factors and economic characteristics of urinary tract infected patients using machine learning. Digit. Health. 10, 20552076241272697 (2024).","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4893_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2023.0702","volume":"38","author":"C S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, C. et al. Artificial intelligence in urology: application of a machine learning model to predict the risk of urolithiasis in a general population. J. Endourol. 38 (8), 712\u2013718 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Endourol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37050","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037050","volume":"103","author":"R Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng, R., Wang, W., Zhai, Z. & Zuo, C. Machine learning algorithm to predict postoperative bleeding complications after lateral decubitus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Med. (Baltim). 103 (4), e37050 (2024).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"4893_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2024.05.027","volume":"190","author":"T Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin, T., An, J., Wu, W. & Zhou, F. Development and validation of a machine learning model for bone metastasis in prostate cancer: based on inflammatory and nutritional indicators. Urology 190, 63\u201370 (2024).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","volume":"2","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. et al. From local explanations to global Understanding with explainable AI for trees. Nat. Mach. Intell. 2 (1), 56\u201367 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1626","volume":"14","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Cao, W., Chu, H., Bazerbachi, F. & Siegel, L. RIMeta: an R Shiny tool for estimating the reference interval from a meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Methods. 14 (3), 468\u2013478 (2023).","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.03.005","volume":"35","author":"B Ali-El-Dein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ali-El-Dein, B. Oncological outcome after radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder substitution in women. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 35 (3), 320\u2013325 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"4893_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.12.006","volume":"13","author":"U Balc\u0131","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balc\u0131, U. et al. Patterns, risks and outcomes of urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer; over 20 year single center experience. Int. J. Surg. 13, 148\u2013151 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"4893_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.08.030","volume":"60","author":"SA Boorjian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boorjian, S. A. et al. Risk factors and outcomes of urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy. Eur. Urol. 60, 1266\u20131272 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3109\/00365590902939387","volume":"43","author":"PJ Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bostr\u00f6m, P. J., Mirtti, T., K\u00f6ssi, J., Laato, M. & Nurmi, M. Twenty-year experience of radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in a medium-volume centre. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 43 (5), 357\u2013364 (2009).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21650","volume":"124","author":"H Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Urine cytology in monitoring recurrence in urothelial carcinoma after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. Cancer Cytopathol. 124 (4), 273\u2013278 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4893_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64691-3","volume":"157","author":"ME Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen, M. E., Pisters, L. L., Malpica, A., Pettaway, C. A. & Dinney, C. P. Risk of urethral, vaginal and cervical involvement in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: results of a contemporary cystectomy series from M. D. Anderson Cancer center. J. Urol. 157 (6), 2120\u20132123 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000209363","volume":"82","author":"KS Cho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cho, K. S. et al. The risk factor for urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urol. Int. 82 (3), 306\u2013311 (2009).","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"4893_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000138208.07426.19","volume":"172","author":"PE Clark","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clark, P. E. et al. The management of urethral transitional cell carcinoma after radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. J. Urol. 172 (4 Pt 1), 1342\u20131347 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65462-4","volume":"156","author":"JA Freeman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Freeman, J. A. et al. Urethral recurrence in patients with orthotopic ileal neobladders. J. Urol. 156 (5), 1615\u20131619 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.01.020","volume":"33","author":"G Gakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gakis, G. et al. Urethral recurrence in women with orthotopic bladder substitutes: A multi-institutional study. Urol. Oncol. 33 (5), 204e17\u2013204e23 (2015).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.06.045","volume":"53","author":"J Huguet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huguet, J. et al. Diagnosis, risk factors, and outcome of urethral recurrences following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in 729 male patients. Eur. Urol. 53 (4), 785\u2013792 (2008). discussion 792-3.","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"4893_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S260979","volume":"12","author":"DH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, D. H. & Song, W. Risk factors for urethral recurrence in men after radical cystectomy with orthotopic urinary diversion for urothelial carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study. Cancer Manag Res. 12, 6739\u20136746 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39370-9","volume":"144","author":"AK Levinson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Levinson, A. K., Johnson, D. E. & Wishnow, K. I. Indications for urethrectomy in an era of continent urinary diversion. J. Urol. 144 (1), 73\u201375 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"4893_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7649","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S261809","volume":"12","author":"Z Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, B., Zhao, Y. & Bai, S. Development and validation of a model for predicting urethral recurrence in male patients with muscular invasive bladder Cancer after radical cystectomy combined with urinary diversion. Cancer Manag Res. 12, 7649\u20137657 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"4893_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-017-2068-7","volume":"35","author":"SB Merrill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merrill, S. B. et al. Oncologic surveillance following radical cystectomy: an individualized risk-based approach. World J. Urol. 35 (12), 1863\u20131869 (2017).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.012","volume":"64","author":"AM Nieder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nieder, A. M. et al. Urethral recurrence after cystoprostatectomy: implications for urinary diversion and monitoring. Urology 64 (5), 950\u2013954 (2004).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-012-0905-2","volume":"31","author":"N Perlis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perlis, N. et al. Upper urinary tract and urethral recurrences following radical cystectomy: review of risk factors and outcomes between centres with different follow-up protocols. World J. Urol. 31 (1), 161\u2013167 (2013).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4893_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2020.11.002","volume":"45","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez-Serrano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Serrano, A. et al. Prognostic value of urinary cytology for detecting urothelial carcinoma recurrence after radical cystectomy. Actas Urol. Esp. (Engl Ed). 45 (6), 466\u2013472 (2021).","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp. (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000034","volume":"201","author":"B Roth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roth, B. et al. Positive Pre-cystectomy biopsies of the prostatic urethra or bladder neck do not necessarily preclude orthotopic bladder substitution. J. Urol. 201 (5), 909\u2013915 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4893_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000149679.56884.0f","volume":"173","author":"JP Stein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stein, J. P. et al. Urethral tumor recurrence following cystectomy and urinary diversion: clinical and pathological characteristics in 768 male patients. J. Urol. 173 (4), 1163\u20131168 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.09095.x","volume":"106","author":"JM Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor, J. M. et al. Management of urethral recurrence after orthotopic urinary diversion. BJU Int. 106 (1), 56\u201361 (2010).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"4893_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000135626.91587.c8","volume":"172","author":"C Varol","year":"2004","unstructured":"Varol, C., Thalmann, G. N., Burkhard, F. C. & Studer, U. E. Treatment of urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy and ileal bladder substitution. J. Urol. 172, 937\u2013942 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64062-1","volume":"169","author":"O Yossepowitch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yossepowitch, O. et al. Orthotopic urinary diversion after cystectomy for bladder cancer: implications for cancer control and patterns of disease recurrence. J. Urol. 169 (1), 177\u2013181 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4893_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)50342-0","volume":"131","author":"A Zabbo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zabbo, A. & Montie, J. E. Management of the urethra in men undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J. Urol. 131 (2), 267\u2013268 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"9","key":"4893_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3928","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518782015","volume":"46","author":"X Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Treatment and outcomes of urethral recurrence after orthotopic neobladder replacement in patients with bladder cancer - practice in a single centre. J. Int. Med. Res. 46 (9), 3928\u20133937 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"issue":"35","key":"4893_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204671","volume":"20","author":"C Hafner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hafner, C. et al. Evidence for oligoclonality and tumor spread by intraluminal seeding in multifocal urothelial carcinomas of the upper and lower urinary tract. Oncogene 20 (35), 4910\u20134915 (2001).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"11","key":"4893_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203123261104","volume":"326","author":"D Sidransky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sidransky, D. et al. Clonal origin of bladder cancer. N Engl. J. Med. 326 (11), 737\u2013740 (1992).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"6","author":"DP SLAUGHTER","year":"1953","unstructured":"SLAUGHTER, D. P. & SOUTHWICK, H. W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6 (5), 963\u2013968 (1953).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"4893_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203123261108","volume":"326","author":"AL Harris","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harris, A. L. & Neal, D. E. Bladder cancer\u2013field versus clonal origin. N Engl. J. Med. 326 (11), 759\u2013761 (1992).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10544","volume":"101","author":"C Hafner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hafner, C., Knuechel, R., Stoehr, R. & Hartmann, A. Clonality of multifocal urothelial carcinomas: 10 years of molecular genetic studies. Int. J. Cancer. 101 (1), 1\u20136 (2002).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"4893_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.01.008","volume":"38","author":"T van Doeveren","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Doeveren, T. et al. Synchronous and metachronous urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and the bladder: are they clonally related? A systematic review. Urol. Oncol. 38 (6), 590\u2013598 (2020).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"4893_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2024.09.021","volume":"43","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Tumor involvement of the trigone and urethra at the time of robot-assisted radical cystectomy is associated with adverse oncological outcomes. Urol. Oncol. 43, 268e1\u2013268e7 (2025).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"issue":"11","key":"4893_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.07.006","volume":"43","author":"T Ishii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishii, T., Yiu, B. & Yu, A. Vector flow visualization of urinary flow dynamics in a bladder outlet obstruction model. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 43 (11), 2601\u20132610 (2017).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/13645706.2014.964260","volume":"24","author":"T Ishii","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ishii, T., Nakamura, K., Naya, Y. & Igarashi, T. Therapeutic designing for urethral obstruction by virtual urethra and flow dynamics simulation. Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol. 24 (3), 141\u2013147 (2015).","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4893_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.01.001","volume":"360","author":"KJ Gustafson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gustafson, K. J., Creasey, G. H. & Grill, W. M. A urethral afferent mediated excitatory bladder reflex exists in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 360 (1\u20132), 9\u201312 (2004).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"4893_CR57","first-page":"63","volume":"99","author":"H Major","year":"2002","unstructured":"Major, H., Culligan, P. & Heit, M. Urethral sphincter morphology in women with detrusor instability. Obstet. Gynecol. 99 (1), 63\u201368 (2002).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4893_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-197906000-00001","volume":"34","author":"DR Ostergard","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ostergard, D. R. The neurological control of micturition and integral voiding reflexes. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 34 (6), 417\u2013423 (1979).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"issue":"5","key":"4893_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyn036","volume":"38","author":"H Ide","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ide, H. et al. The predictors of local recurrence after radical cystectomy in patients with invasive bladder cancer. Jpn J. Clin. Oncol. 38 (5), 360\u2013364 (2008).","journal-title":"Jpn J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"4893_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widmark, A., Flodgren, P., Damber, J. E., Hellsten, S. & Cavallin-St\u00e5hl, E. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in urinary bladder cancer. Acta Oncol. 42(5\u20136): 567\u2009\u2013\u200981. (2003).","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860310014408"},{"key":"4893_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.03.004","volume":"8","author":"E Laukhtina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laukhtina, E. et al. Follow-up of the urethra and management of urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy: A systematic review and proposal of management algorithm by the European association of Urology-Young academic urologists: urothelial carcinoma working group. Eur. Urol. Focus. 8, 1635\u20131642 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"4893_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotan, Y. & RoehrbornCG Sensitivity and specificity of commonly available bladder tumor markers versus cytology: results of a comprehensive literature review and meta-analyses. Urology 61 (1), 109\u2013118 (2003). discussion 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02136-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"4893_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990625)87:3<118::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"87","author":"S Bastacky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bastacky, S., Ibrahim, S., Wilczynski, S. P. & Murphy, W. M. The accuracy of urinary cytology in daily practice. Cancer 87 (3), 118\u2013128 (1999).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"4893_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.05.008","volume":"62","author":"V Soukup","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soukup, V. et al. Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur. Urol. 62 (2), 290\u2013302 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"4893_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-16332-3","volume":"32","author":"F Di Bello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Di Bello, F. et al. Perioperative complications and In-Hospital mortality in paraplegic radical cystectomy patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 32, 583\u2013588 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04893-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04893-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04893-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T19:02:15Z","timestamp":1749409335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-04893-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-04893-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All the authors provided the approval the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University and the Dalian Central Hospital approved the research. All the patient provided informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"19573"}}