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Focusing on five key indicators: the Herfindahl\u2013Hirschman Index (HHI), Shannon\u2013Wiener Index (H), Simpson Index (D), Adjusted Shannon\u2013Wiener Neumann Index (SWNI), and Carbon Intensity Index (CI) are employed to assess the concentration, diversification, and dependency of Ghana\u2019s energy sources alongside carbon emissions. The results indicate a highly concentrated energy portfolio, with petroleum products and biomass dominating the energy mix. The HHI score of 0.23 reflects moderate market concentration, while the Shannon\u2013Wiener Index of 1.5 and Simpson Index of 4.3 highlight a relatively diverse but still imbalanced energy mix. The SWNI1 score of 0.37, accounting for political risk, reveals a vulnerability due to reliance on imported energy. Furthermore, the Carbon Intensity Index of 5.50 kt CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    per ktoe of energy consumed (2022) underscores significant carbon emissions, necessitating a sustainable energy transition. These findings emphasize the need to enhance domestic energy production, diversify energy sources, and adopt low-carbon technologies to improve Ghana\u2019s energy security and environmental resilience.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05407-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T21:43:32Z","timestamp":1765662212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A comprehensive assessment of Ghana\u2019s energy security dimensions and environmental sustainability in a multi-indices analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michael Ayine","family":"Alpha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Yiadom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Ahenkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"5407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.019","volume":"93","author":"R Day","year":"2016","unstructured":"Day, R., Walker, G. & Simcock, N. 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