{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:29:51Z","timestamp":1787923791206,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"name":"co-funded by INTERREG Cara\u00efbes V for the European Regional Development Fund, and the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["No 731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 731070"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010768","name":"IPGP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010768","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"INSU-CNRS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021027","name":"Collectivit\u00e9 Territoriale de Martinique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Multiparameter volcanic unrest has been recorded since April 2019 on the Montagne Pel\u00e9e volcano located on Martinique. There have been only very few periods of seismic unrest since the last magmatic eruption of 1929\u22121932. This is therefore a rare opportunity to examine its origin. In April 2019 the number of shallow volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes increased drastically above the reference monthly rate of 19 VT\/month and then exceeded it consistently for several months. Deep (&gt;\u200910\u00a0km) VT events occurred at the onset of the unrest and harmonic tremor was first recorded in November 2020. Continuous Global Navigation Satellite System data reveal that a minor horizontal deformation began around mid-2021. The modeling of these data favors an inflation source located at about 1\u00a0km below and slightly SW of the summit, in the area of the hydrothermal system and where most of the shallow VT events are located. Zones of degraded and dead vegetation on the upper flanks of Montagne Pel\u00e9e were detected with satellite imagery starting in November 2019 and shown to be associated with elevated passive CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> soil degassing. This protracted unrest most likely reflects the ascent of a limited volume of deep magmatic fluids that reinvigorated the shallow hydrothermal circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05641-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1751427323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ongoing multiparameter unrest at the Montagne Pel\u00e9e volcano on Martinique from 2019 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"F. R.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-C.","family":"Komorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Corbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Burtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-B.","family":"de Chabalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Grandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Saurel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Agrinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Moune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Jadelus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Melezan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-G.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Vaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Koziol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Lavenaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lemarchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Labasque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.-H.","family":"Blard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Tibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Aubaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Andrieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Filliaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Chilin-Eusebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Z.","family":"Wahlgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Inostroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.-P.","family":"M\u00e9taxian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Potier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Deroussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Carazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Vlastelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. E.","family":"Jessop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bonaim\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Le Friant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Chaussidon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Michaud-Dubuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Retailleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Di Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Allard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Satriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"5641_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.08.004","volume":"264","author":"G Phillipson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phillipson, G., Sobradelo, R. & Gottsmann, J. Global volcanic unrest in the 21st century: an analysis of the first decade. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 264, 183\u2013196 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR2","unstructured":"Boudon, G., Le Friant, A., Villemant, B. & Viod\u00e9, J. P. Martinique. in Volcanic Atlas of the Lesser Antilles. Seismic Research Unit. The University of the West Indies (eds. Lindsay, J. M., Robertson, R. E. A., Shepherd, J. B. & Ali, S.) 65\u2013102 Trinidad and Tobago, WI, (2005)."},{"key":"5641_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2021.103754","volume":"221","author":"G Boudon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boudon, G. & Balcone-Boissard, H. Volcanological evolution of Montagne Pel\u00e9e (Martinique): A textbook case of alternating plinian and dome-forming eruptions. Earth-Sci. Rev. 221, 103754 (2021).","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"5641_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13617-021-00106-7","volume":"10","author":"A Michaud-Dubuy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michaud-Dubuy, A., Carazzo, G. & Kaminski, E. Volcanic hazard assessment for tephra fallout in Martinique. J. Appl. Volcanol. 10, 8 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Volcanol"},{"key":"5641_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11157_2017_19","volume-title":"Volcanic Unrest. Advances in Volcanology","author":"J Gottsmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gottsmann, J., Komorowski, J. C. & Barclay, J. Volcanic unrest and Pre-eruptive processes: A hazard and risk perspective. In Volcanic Unrest. Advances in Volcanology (eds Gottsmann, J. et al.) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11157_2017_19 (Springer, 2017)."},{"key":"5641_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(83)90066-5","volume":"17","author":"D Westercamp","year":"1983","unstructured":"Westercamp, D. & Traineau, H. The past 5,000 years of volcanic activity at Mt. Pel\u00e9e Martinique (FWI): implications for assessment of volcanic hazards. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 17, 159\u2013185 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaud-Dubuy, A., Carazzo, G., Balcone-Boissard, H., Boudon, G. & Kaminski, E. Unsuspected explosive activity of Montagne Pel\u00e9e (Lesser Antilles) during the 25\u201310\u00a0ka period. J Volcanol Geotherm. Res 440, (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2023.107873"},{"key":"5641_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2019.106764","volume":"392","author":"G Carazzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carazzo, G., Tait, S., Michaud-Dubuy, A., Fries, A. & Kaminski, \u00c9. Transition from stable column to partial collapse during the 79\u00a0cal CE P3 plinian eruption of Mt. Pel\u00e9e volcano (Lesser Antilles). J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 392, 106764 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-018-1265-6","volume":"81","author":"G Carazzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carazzo, G., Tait, S. & Kaminski, \u00c9. Marginally stable recent plinian eruptions of Mt. Pel\u00e9e volcano (Lesser Antilles): the P2 AD 280 eruption. Bull. Volcanol. 81, 1\u201317 (2019).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol"},{"key":"5641_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-012-0655-4","volume":"74","author":"G Carazzo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carazzo, G., Tait, S., Kaminski, E. & Gardner, J. E. The recent plinian explosive activity of Mt. Pel\u00e9e volcano (Lesser Antilles): The P1 AD 1300 eruption. Bull. Volcanol. 74, 2187\u20132203 (2012).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol"},{"key":"5641_CR11","volume-title":"La Montagne Pel\u00e9e et ses \u00e9ruptions","author":"A Lacroix","year":"1904","unstructured":"Lacroix, A.La Montagne Pel\u00e9e et ses \u00e9ruptions (Masson, 1904)."},{"key":"5641_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1976)4<521:MPMAPO>2.0.CO;2","volume":"4","author":"MJ Roobol","year":"1976","unstructured":"Roobol, M. J. & Smith, A. L. Mount Pel\u00e9e, Martinique: A pattern of alternating eruptive styles. Geology 4, 521\u2013524 (1976).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"5641_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(94)90064-7","volume":"60","author":"JC Tanguy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tanguy, J. C. The 1902\u20131905 eruptions of Montagne Pel\u00e9e, Martinique: anatomy and retrospection. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 60, 87\u2013107 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird, P. An updated digital model of plate boundaries. Geochem Geophys. Geosystems 4, (2003).","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GC000252"},{"key":"5641_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14551","volume":"5","author":"G Boudon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boudon, G., Balcone-Boissard, H., Villemant, B. & Morgan, D. J. What factors control superficial lava dome explosivity? Sci. Rep. 5, 1\u201314 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"5641_CR16","unstructured":"Chr\u00e9tien, S. & Brousse, R. La Montagne Pel\u00e9e se r\u00e9veille, comment se pr\u00e9pare une \u00e9ruption cataclysmique. vol. 9 (rue de Savoie, Paris, 1988)."},{"key":"5641_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02596877","volume":"36","author":"J Dorel","year":"1972","unstructured":"Dorel, J., Eschenbrenner, S. & Feuillard, M. Les Volcans actifs de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique, Petites Antilles. Bull. Volcanol. 36, 359\u2013381 (1972).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol"},{"key":"5641_CR18","unstructured":"Gadalia, A. et al. Compl\u00e9ments d\u2019exploration g\u00e9othermique en Martinique: conclusions et recommandations pour les zones de la Montagne Pel\u00e9e, des Anses d\u2019Arlet, des Pitons du Carbet et du Lamentin. (Rapport final BRGM\/RP-63019-FR, (2014)."},{"key":"5641_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.12.044","volume":"413","author":"L Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Chlorine isotopes of thermal springs in arc volcanoes for tracing shallow magmatic activity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 413, 101\u2013110 (2015).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"5641_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feuillet, N., Beauducel, F. & Tapponnier, P. Tectonic context of moderate to large historical earthquakes in the Lesser Antilles and mechanical coupling with volcanoes. J Geophys. Res 116, (2011).","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008443"},{"key":"5641_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01079823","volume":"49","author":"A Hirn","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hirn, A., Girardin, N., Viod\u00e9, J. P. & Eschenbrenner, S. Shallow seismicity at Montagne Pel\u00e9e volcano, Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Bull. Volcanol. 49, 723\u2013728 (1987).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol"},{"key":"5641_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, W. B. F. et al. Global Multi-Resolution topography synthesis. Geochem Geophys. Geosystems 10, (2009).","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GC002332"},{"key":"5641_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman, D. C. & Cashman, K. V. Top\u2013Down Precursory Volcanic Seismicity: Implications for \u2018Stealth\u2019 Magma Ascent and Long-Term Eruption Forecasting. Front Earth Sci 6, (2018).","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00124"},{"key":"5641_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.004","volume":"382","author":"RA White","year":"2019","unstructured":"White, R. A. & McCausland, W. A. A process-based model of pre-eruption seismicity patterns and its use for eruption forecasting at dormant stratovolcanoes. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 382, 267\u2013297 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.10.020","volume":"309","author":"R White","year":"2016","unstructured":"White, R. & McCausland, W. Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: A new tool for estimating intrusive volumes and forecasting eruptions. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 309, 139\u2013155 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9201(00)00211-9","volume":"123","author":"JP Jones","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jones, J. P., Thurber, C. H. & Lutter, W. J. High-precision location of pre-eruption seismicity at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 123, 221\u2013232 (1991).","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter"},{"key":"5641_CR27","unstructured":"Giggenbach, W. F. & Goguel, R. L. Collection and Analysis of Geothermal and Volcanic Water and Gas Discharges. Report No. CD 2401. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Chemistry Division, Petone, New Zealand. (1989)."},{"key":"5641_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(89)90029-2","volume":"38","author":"H Traineau","year":"1989","unstructured":"Traineau, H., Westercamp, D. & Benderitter, Y. Case study of a volcanic geothermal system, Mount Pel\u00e9e, Martinique. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 38, 49\u201366 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120200377","author":"J Corbeau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Corbeau, J. et al. A Significant Increase in Interplate Seismicity near Major Historical Earthquakes Offshore Martinique (FWI). Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1785\/0120200377 (2021).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"5641_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00003-X","volume":"156","author":"C Martel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martel, C. et al. Magma storage conditions and control of eruption regime in silicic volcanoes: experimental evidence from Mt. Pel\u00e9e. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 156, 89\u201399 (1998).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"5641_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15980","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15980","volume":"8","author":"M Paulatto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paulatto, M. et al. Dehydration of subducting slow-spread oceanic lithosphere in the Lesser Antilles. Nat. Commun. 8, 15980 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"5641_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.03.021","volume":"734","author":"O Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, O., Clouard, V., Tait, S. & Panza, G. F. S-wave velocities of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in the Lesser Antilles from the joint inversion of surface wave dispersion and receiver function analysis. Tectonophysics 734, 1\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"5641_CR33","first-page":"3","volume":"49","author":"Le Prieur","year":"1852","unstructured":"Le Prieur, Peyraud & Rufz. \u00c9ruption du volcan de la Montagne Pel\u00e9e \u00e0 la Martinique. Bull. Off Martin. 49, 3\u201322 (1852).","journal-title":"Bull. Off Martin"},{"key":"5641_CR34","unstructured":"Lalubie, G. Les cours d\u2019eau du massif de la Montagne Pel\u00e9e: une approche multiscalaire pour appr\u00e9hender les risques hydro-volcano-g\u00e9omorphologiques (Th\u00e8se de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Antilles Guyane, 2010)."},{"key":"5641_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Friant, A., Boudon, G., Deplus, C. & Villemant, B. Large-scale flank collapse events during the activity of Montagne Pel\u00e9e, Martinique, Lesser Antilles. J Geophys. Res 108, (2003).","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB001624"},{"key":"5641_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(98)00030-4","volume":"84","author":"J Zlotnicki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zlotnicki, J. et al. Hydrothermal circulation beneath Mount Pel\u00e9e inferred by self potential surveying. Structural and tectonic implications. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 84, 73\u201391 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL059691","volume":"41","author":"FR Fontaine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fontaine, F. R., Roult, G., Michon, L., Barruol, G. & Di Muro, A. The 2007 eruptions and caldera collapse of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La R\u00e9union Island) from tilt analysis at a single very broadband seismic station. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 2803\u20132811 (2014).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"5641_CR38","unstructured":"Carazzo, G. et al. Rapport d\u2019activit\u00e9 2022 de l\u2019Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Martinique, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, 1\u201374, (2023)."},{"key":"5641_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.184.1-2.137","volume":"184","author":"C Aubaud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aubaud, C., Athanase, J. E., Clouard, V., Barras, A. V. & Sedan, O. A review of historical lahars, floods, and landslides in the Pr\u00eacheur river catchment (Montagne Pel\u00e9e volcano, Martinique island, lesser Antilles). Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9ologique Fr. 184, 137\u2013154 (2013).","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9ologique Fr."},{"key":"5641_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hotovec-Ellis, A. J. REDPy \u2013 Repeating Earthquake Detector in Python (Version 1.1.3), U.S. Geological Survey Software Release,  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P13SRZTC (2024).","DOI":"10.5066\/P13SRZTC"},{"key":"5641_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantobe, L., Burtin, A., Chanard, K. & Komorowski, J. C. Evolution of shallow volcanic seismicity in the hydrothermal system of La Soufri\u00e8re de Guadeloupe following the April 2018 Mlv 4.1 earthquake. J Volcanol Geotherm. Res 447, (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2023.107989"},{"key":"5641_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lomax, A., Virieux, J., Volant, P. & Berge-Thierry, C. Probabilistic Earthquake Location in 3D and Layered Models: introduction of a Metropolis-Gibbs method and comparison with linear locations. in Advances in Seismic Event Location (ed. Thurber, C. H.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9536-0_5 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2000).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9536-0_5"},{"key":"5641_CR43","unstructured":"Dorel, J. Sismicit\u00e9 et structure de l\u2019arc des Petites Antilles et du bassin atlantique. Ph. D. thesis, (Universit\u00e9 Pierre et Marie Curie, (1978)."},{"key":"5641_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W. H. K., Bennett, R. E. & Meagher, K. L. A method of estimating magnitude of local earthquakes from signal duration. US Geol. Surv. Open. File Rep 1\u201329, (1972).","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr72223"},{"key":"5641_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0250010001","volume":"25","author":"C Richter","year":"1935","unstructured":"Richter, C. An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 25, 1, 1\u201332 (1935).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"5641_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vittecoq, B., Fortin, J., Maury, J. & Violette, S. Earthquakes and extreme rainfall induce long term permeability enhancement of volcanic Island hydrogeological systems. Sci. Rep. 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-76954-x (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76954-x"},{"key":"5641_CR47","unstructured":"Beauducel, F. et al. Rapport d\u2019activit\u00e9 2023 de l\u2019Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Martinique, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, 1\u201383, (2024)."},{"key":"5641_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(94)90031-0","volume":"62","author":"JC Lahr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lahr, J. C., Chouet, B. A., Stephens, C. D., Power, J. A. & Page, R. A. Earthquake classification, location, and error analysis in a volcanic environment: implications for the magmatic system of the 1989\u20131990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska. J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res. 62, 137\u2013151 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR49","unstructured":"McNutt, S. R. Volcanic seismicity. in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (eds. Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S. R., Rymer, H. & Stix, J.) 1015\u20131033 (2000)."},{"key":"5641_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.81.3.530","volume":"81","author":"M Beyreuther","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beyreuther, M. et al. ObsPy: A Python Toolbox for Seismology. Seismol. Res. Lett. 81, 530\u2013533 (2010).","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"5641_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1785\/0220130002","volume":"84","author":"E Sokos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sokos, E. & Zahradn\u00edk, J. Evaluating centroid-moment-tensor uncertainty in the new version of ISOLA software. Seismol. Res. Lett. 84, 656\u2013665 (2013).","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"5641_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0710040959","volume":"71","author":"M Bouchon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bouchon, M. A simple method to calculate Green\u2019s functions for elastic layered media. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 71, 959\u2013971 (1981).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"5641_CR53","unstructured":"Coutant, O. Program of numerical simulation AXITRA (University of Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, 1989)."},{"key":"5641_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50131","volume":"118","author":"A Shuler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shuler, A., Ekstr\u00f6m, G. & Nettles, M. Physical mechanisms for vertical-CLVD earthquakes at active volcanoes. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 1569\u20131586 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"5641_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw427","volume":"208","author":"M Nikkhoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nikkhoo, M., Walter, T. R., Lundgren, P. R. & Prats-Iraola, P. Compound dislocation models (CDMs) for volcano deformation analyses. Geophys. J. Int. 208, 877\u2013894 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"5641_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00048","volume":"8","author":"F Beauducel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beauducel, F. et al. WebObs: The Volcano Observatories Missing Link Between Research and Real-Time Monitoring. Front. Earth Sci. 8, 1\u201322 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"5641_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauducel, F., Peltier, A., Villi\u00e9, A. & Suryanto, W. Mechanical Imaging of a Volcano Plumbing System From GNSS Unsupervised Modeling. Geophys Res. Lett 1\u20139, (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10503682.1"},{"key":"5641_CR58","first-page":"99","volume":"36","author":"K Mogi","year":"1958","unstructured":"Mogi, K. Relations between the Eruptions of Various Volcanoes and the Deformations of the Ground Surfaces around them. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo. 36, 99\u2013134 (1958).","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo"},{"key":"5641_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-1343-2019","volume":"16","author":"RR Bogue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bogue, R. R. et al. Plant responses to volcanically-elevated CO2 in two Costa Rican forests. Biogeosciences 16, 1343\u20131360 (2019).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"5641_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2006.03.039","volume":"246","author":"N Houli\u00e9","year":"2006","unstructured":"Houli\u00e9, N., Komorowski, J. C., Michele, M., Kasereka, M. & Ciraba, H. Early detection of eruptive dykes revealed by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on Mt. Etna and Mt. Nyiragongo. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 246, 231\u2013240 (2006).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"5641_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogue, R. R., Douglas, P. M. J., Fisher, J. B. & Stix, J. Volcanic Diffuse Volatile Emissions Tracked by Plant Responses Detectable From Space. Geophys Geochem. Geosystems 24, (2023).","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GC010938"},{"key":"5641_CR62","unstructured":"Planet Team. Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San Francisco, CA.  https:\/\/api.planet.com (2025)."},{"key":"5641_CR63","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System (Open Source Geospatial Foundation, 2009)."},{"key":"5641_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viveiros, F. et al. Soil CO2 emissions at Furnas volcano, S\u00e3o Miguel Island, Azores archipelago: Volcano monitoring perspectives, geomorphologic studies, and land use planning application. J Geophys. Res 115, B12208, (2010).","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB007555"},{"key":"5641_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2585","volume":"20","author":"N Assayag","year":"2006","unstructured":"Assayag, N., Riv\u00e9, K., Ader, M., J\u00e9z\u00e9quel, D., Agrinier, P. Improved method for isotopic and quantitative analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon in natural water samples. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 20, 2243\u20132251 (2006).","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"5641_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-006-0035-0","volume":"163","author":"Y Sano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sano, Y., Takahata, N. & Seno, T. Geographical distribution of 3He\/4He ratios in the Chugoku district, Southwestern Japan. Pure Appl. Geophys. 163, 745\u2013757 (2006).","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-05641-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-05641-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-05641-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T03:35:30Z","timestamp":1751427330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-05641-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-05641-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23189"}}