{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:43:56Z","timestamp":1780422236357,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Manganese, an essential nutrient for male reproductive health, exerts dose-dependent effects, with excessive exposure\u2014particularly to manganese dioxide nanoparticles (<jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NPs<\/jats:bold>) from environmental or industrial sources inducing gonadal damage via oxidative stress, hormonal disruption, and impaired steroidogenesis. This study evaluated rosemary essential oil (<jats:bold>REO<\/jats:bold>) against <jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NP<\/jats:bold>-induced reproductive dysfunction in male rats. Seventy-two Sprague\u2013Dawley rats (130\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u00a0g) were divided into six groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912): Group I (deionized water), Group II (saline), Group III (<jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NP<\/jats:bold>, 100\u00a0mg\/kg bw\/day), Group IV (<jats:bold>REO<\/jats:bold>, 250\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), Protective Group V (<jats:bold>REO<\/jats:bold> pre-treatment\u2009+\u2009<jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NPs<\/jats:bold>), and Therapeutic Group VI (<jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NPs\u2009+\u2009REO <\/jats:bold> co-treatment) for 56 days. <jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NP<\/jats:bold> exposure caused testicular injury, marked by elevated lipid peroxidation (\u2191malondialdehyde, \u2191nitric oxide), suppressed antioxidants (\u2193total antioxidant capacity, \u2193catalase, \u2193glutathione), impaired sperm parameters (motility, count, morphology), and altered serum hormone levels (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone). These effects correlated with downregulated steroidogenesis genes (<jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>StAR<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>, <jats:bold>HSD-3\u03b2<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold> CYP11A1<\/jats:bold>). Both Protective and Therapeutic REO treatment mitigated <jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NPs<\/jats:bold> oxidative stress, restored hormonal balance, and normalized gene expression. Histopathology revealed reduced seminiferous tubule degeneration and enhanced spermatogenesis in <jats:bold>REO<\/jats:bold> groups. Findings demonstrate <jats:bold>REO\u2019s<\/jats:bold> efficacy in alleviating <jats:bold>MnO<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:sub>\n              <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n            <\/jats:sub>\n            <jats:bold>-NPs<\/jats:bold>induced reproductive toxicity via antioxidant and steroidogenic modulation, positioning <jats:bold>REO<\/jats:bold> as a promising therapeutic against nanomaterial-induced gonadotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06345-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T10:57:04Z","timestamp":1750417024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rosemary essenitial oil counters MnO2 nanoparticle-induced fertility deficits in rats via antioxidant mechanisms and upregulation of StAR signalling"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hager M.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia A.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2643-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa S.","family":"Morsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6345_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nel, A., Xia, T., Madler, L. & Li, N. 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