{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T04:03:44Z","timestamp":1750478624373,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hochschule Heilbronn"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study presents a novel hardware and software architecture combining capacitive sensors, quantum-inspired algorithms, and deep learning applied to the detection of Essential Tremor. At the core of this architecture are graphene-printed capacitive sensors, which provide a cost-effective and efficient solution for tremor data acquisition. These sensors, known for their flexibility and precision, are specifically calibrated to monitor tremor movements across various fingers. A distinctive feature of this study is the incorporation of quantum-inspired computational filters\u2014namely, <jats:italic>Quantvolution<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>QuantClass<\/jats:italic>\u2014into the deep learning framework. This integration offers improved processing capabilities, facilitating a more nuanced analysis of tremor patterns. Initial findings indicate greater stability in loss variability; however, further research is necessary to confirm these effects across broader datasets and clinical environments. The approach highlights a promising application of quantum-inspired methods within healthcare diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06359-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1750427735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantum-classical deep learning hybrid architecture with graphene-printed low-cost capacitive sensor for essential tremor detection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Villalba-D\u00edez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6359_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00314-w","volume":"7","author":"T Welton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Welton, T. et al. Essential tremor. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 7(1), 83 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"6359_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.103244","volume":"71","author":"C Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, C. et al. Quantitative assessment of essential tremor based on machine learning methods using wearable device. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 71, 103244 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"18","key":"6359_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100578","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202100578","volume":"8","author":"M Franco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franco, M. et al. Environmentally friendly graphene-based conductive inks for multitouch capacitive sensing surfaces. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 8(18), 2100578 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"18","key":"6359_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-022-07037-4","volume":"27","author":"F Valdez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valdez, F. & Melin, P. A review on quantum computing and deep learning algorithms and their applications. Soft Comput. 27(18), 13217\u201313236 (2023).","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"6359_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.01.004","volume":"136","author":"G Deuschl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deuschl, G. et al. The clinical and electrophysiological investigation of tremor. Clin. Neurophysiol. 136, 93\u2013129 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"6359_CR6","first-page":"205566832210944","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Survey-based identification of design requirements and constraints for a wearable tremor suppression device. J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng. 9, 20556683221094480 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"6359_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"P Mcgurrin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mcgurrin, P., Mcnames, J., Wu, T., Hallett, M. & Haubenberger, D. Quantifying tremor in essential tremor using inertial sensors\u2014Validation of an algorithm. IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med. 9, 1\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"6359_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-020-00212-3","volume":"6","author":"M \u0160i\u0161kins","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u0160i\u0161kins, M. et al. Sensitive capacitive pressure sensors based on graphene membrane arrays. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 6(1), 102 (2020).","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"issue":"3","key":"6359_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103743","volume":"8","author":"A Mehmood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehmood, A. et al. Graphene based nanomaterials for strain sensor application\u2014A review. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8(3), 103743 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"6359_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-019-0061-5","volume":"3","author":"A Kaidarova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaidarova, A. et al. Wearable multifunctional printed graphene sensors. NPJ Flexible Electron. 3(1), 15 (2019).","journal-title":"NPJ Flexible Electron."},{"key":"6359_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajian, S., Zhang, X., Maddipatla, D., Narakathu, B.B., Rodriguez-Labra, J., Blair, R., Atashbar, M. Flexible capacitive humidity sensor based on fluorinated graphene. In 2019 IEEE Sensors. 1\u20134 (IEEE, 2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS43011.2019.8956564"},{"issue":"16","key":"6359_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC00491J","volume":"8","author":"C Deng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deng, C. et al. High-performance capacitive strain sensors with highly stretchable vertical graphene electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. C 8(16), 5541\u20135546 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"5","key":"6359_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MH01517J","volume":"10","author":"A Qureshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qureshi, A. & Niazi, J. H. Graphene-interfaced flexible and stretchable micro-nano electrodes: From fabrication to sweat glucose detection. Mater. Horizons 10(5), 1580\u20131607 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Horizons"},{"issue":"10","key":"6359_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11100384","volume":"11","author":"A Gosai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gosai, A., Khondakar, K. R., Ma, X. & Ali, M. A. Application of functionalized graphene oxide based biosensors for health monitoring: Simple graphene derivatives to 3d printed platforms. Biosensors 11(10), 384 (2021).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"6359_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110164","volume":"211","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Ma, Y., Zheng, H. & Ramakrishna, S. Piezoelectric materials for flexible and wearable electronics: A review. Mater. Des. 211, 110164 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"6359_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1234-z","volume":"569","author":"S Sundaram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sundaram, S. et al. Learning the signatures of the human grasp using a scalable tactile glove. Nature 569, 698\u2013702 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"6359_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124596","volume":"22","author":"S Bian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bian, S., Liu, M., Zhou, B. & Lukowicz, P. The state-of-the-art sensing techniques in human activity recognition: A survey. Sensors 22(12), 4596 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"6359_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12040217","volume":"12","author":"E Vavrinsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vavrinsky, E. et al. The current state of optical sensors in medical wearables. Biosensors 12(4), 217 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"7","key":"6359_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12071520","volume":"12","author":"M Al-Ayyad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Ayyad, M., Owida, H. A., De Fazio, R., Al-Naami, B. & Visconti, P. Electromyography monitoring systems in rehabilitation: A review of clinical applications, wearable devices and signal acquisition methodologies. Electronics 12(7), 1520 (2023).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"11","key":"6359_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c01698","volume":"6","author":"J Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan, J. et al. Hybrid-flexible bimodal sensing wearable glove system for complex hand gesture recognition. ACS Sens. 6(11), 3822\u20134266 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"47","key":"6359_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54743","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c14281","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with hybrid microstructures similar to volcano sponge. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15(47), 54743\u201354752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.3c14281 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"6359_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10386","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00471","volume":"124","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zheng, X. T., Zhang, X., Pan, J. & Thean, A.V.-Y. Hybrid integration of wearable devices for physiological monitoring. Chem. Rev. 124, 10386\u201310434 (2024).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"6359_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113777","volume":"197","author":"H Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Graphene-enabled wearable sensors for healthcare monitoring. Biosens. Bioelectron. 197, 113777 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"6359_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101683","volume":"56","author":"AB Oktay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oktay, A. B. & Kocer, A. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson and essential tremor with convolutional LSTM networks. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 56, 101683 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"6359_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2307\/258557","volume":"14","author":"K Eisenhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eisenhardt, K. Building theories from case study research. Acad. Manag. Rev. 14(4), 532\u2013550 (1989).","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"6359_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650601","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.650601","volume":"12","author":"ED Louis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis, E. D. The essential tremors: Evolving concepts of a family of diseases. Front. Neurol. 12, 650601 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"6359_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenka, A., Pandey, S. Essential tremor: Five new things. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 12(2), 183\u2013186 (2022)","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001145"},{"issue":"8","key":"6359_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26997","volume":"32","author":"VK Ravikumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ravikumar, V. K. et al. Cost-effectiveness of focused ultrasound, radiosurgery, and dbs for essential tremor. Mov. Disord. 32(8), 1165\u20131173 (2017).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"19","key":"6359_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1707928","volume":"378","author":"D Haubenberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haubenberger, D. & Hallett, M. Essential tremor. N. Engl. J. Med. 378(19), 1802\u20131810 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"6359_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rowland, J.R. Nyquist criterion. In Control and Mechatronics. The Industrial Electronics Handbook (Wilamowski, B.M., Irwin, J.D. eds.). 2nd Ed. 11\u201311126. (CRC Press, 2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781315218403-11","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315218403-11"},{"issue":"1","key":"6359_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-020-00034-6","volume":"3","author":"M Henderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henderson, M., Gallina, J. & Brett, M. Methods for accelerating geospatial data processing using quantum computers. Quantum Mach. Intell. 3(1), 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-020-00034-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Quantum Mach. Intell."},{"key":"6359_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Villalba-Diez, J., Ordieres-Mer\u00e9, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Marcos, A., Larzabal, A.S. Quantum deep learning for steel industry computer vision quality control. In 14th IFAC Workshop on Intelligent Manufacturing Systems IMS 2022. Vol. 55(2). 337\u2013342 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2022.04.216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2022.04.216"},{"key":"6359_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, M., Shakya, S., Pradhan, S., Cook, T. Quanvolutional Neural Networks: Powering Image Recognition with Quantum Circuits. arXiv:1904.04767 [quant-ph] (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-020-00012-y"},{"key":"6359_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.A., Chuang, I.L. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. 10th Anniversary Ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511976667","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976667"},{"key":"6359_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuld, M., Petruccione, F. Machine Learning with Quantum Computers. 2nd Ed. Quantum Science and Technology. (Springer, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-83098-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83098-4"},{"key":"6359_CR36","volume-title":"Deep Learning with Python","author":"F Chollet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chollet, F. Deep Learning with Python (Manning Publications Co., 2018)."},{"key":"6359_CR37","unstructured":"Glorot, X., Bordes, A. & Bengio, Y. Deep sparse rectifier neural networks. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings. 315\u2013323 (2011)."},{"issue":"15","key":"6359_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22278","volume":"23","author":"A Antonini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Antonini, A. et al. Cost-effectiveness of 123i-FP-CIT SPECT in the differential diagnosis of essential tremor and Parkinson\u2019s disease in Italy. Mov. Disord. 23(15), 2202\u20132209 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"185","key":"6359_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, L., Jamieson, K., DeSalvo, G., Rostamizadeh, A. & Talwalkar, A. Hyperband: A novel bandit-based approach to hyperparameter optimization. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 18(185), 1\u201352 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"6359_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"H Abdi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdi, H. & Williams, L. J. Tukey\u2019s honestly significant difference (HSD) test. Encycl. Res. Des. 3(1), 1\u20135 (2010).","journal-title":"Encycl. Res. Des."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-06359-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-06359-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-06359-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T13:55:37Z","timestamp":1750427737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-06359-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-06359-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20204"}}