{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:52:34Z","timestamp":1790999554990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministerstvo \u0161kolstva, vedy, v\u00fdskumu a \u0161portu Slovenskej republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0293\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0293\/25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministerstvo \u0161kolstva, vedy, v\u00fdskumu a \u0161portu Slovenskej republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0283\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0283\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministerstvo \u0161kolstva, vedy, v\u00fdskumu a \u0161portu Slovenskej republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0283\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0283\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003194","name":"Agent\u00fara Ministerstva \u0160kolstva, Vedy, V\u00fdskumu a \u0160portu SR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-22-0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003194","name":"Agent\u00fara Ministerstva \u0160kolstva, Vedy, V\u00fdskumu a \u0160portu SR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-22-0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008666","name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201807-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201807-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07017-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T01:10:04Z","timestamp":1751418604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity as a predictor of severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Fazeka\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Kov\u00e1\u010dik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza Motahari","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier Gabald\u00f3","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Mihaela","family":"Iftimie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hrabovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7017_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110557","volume":"381","author":"L Markuskova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Markuskova, L. et al. Serum butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of COVID-19 mortality: results of the monocentric prospective observational study. Chem. Biol. Interact. 381, 110557 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"7017_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940533","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.940533","volume":"9","author":"H Sipahioglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sipahioglu, H. et al. Does serum butyrylcholinesterase level determine the severity and mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia? Prospective study. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 9, 940533 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"7017_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092150","volume":"12","author":"F Espeter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Espeter, F. et al. Critically ill COVID-19 patients show reduced point of Care-Measured butyrylcholinesterase Activity-A prospective, monocentric observational study. Diagnostics (Basel). 12, 2150 (2022).","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"7017_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13121194","volume":"13","author":"NV Goncharov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goncharov, N. V. et al. Searching for new biomarkers to assess COVID-19 patients: A pilot study. Metabolites 13, 1194 (2023).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"7017_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116569","volume":"275","author":"T Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, T. et al. New insights into butyrylcholinesterase: pharmaceutical applications, selective inhibitors and multitarget-directed ligands. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 275, 116569 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"7017_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253894","volume":"16","author":"AKG Melo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melo, A. K. G. et al. Biomarkers of cytokine storm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 16, e0253894 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7017_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30126-6","volume":"5","author":"R Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao, R. et al. Manifestations and prognosis of Gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 667\u2013678 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"7017_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0083-5","volume":"4","author":"L Santarpia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Santarpia, L., Grandone, I., Contaldo, F. & Pasanisi, F. Butyrylcholinesterase as a prognostic marker: a review of the literature. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 4, 31\u201339 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"7017_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042033","volume":"22","author":"J Jasiecki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jasiecki, J., Targo\u0144ska, M. & Was\u0105g, B. The role of butyrylcholinesterase and Iron in the regulation of cholinergic network and cognitive dysfunction in alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 2033 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"7017_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666201218103434","volume":"19","author":"M Przyby\u0142owska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Przyby\u0142owska, M., Dzierzbicka, K., Kowalski, S. & Chmielewska, K. Inkielewicz-Stepniak, I. Therapeutic potential of multifunctional derivatives of cholinesterase inhibitors. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 19, 1323\u20131344 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"7017_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.123","volume":"41","author":"VP Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, V. P., Gao, Y., Geng, L. & Brimijoin, S. Butyrylcholinesterase regulates central Ghrelin signaling and has an impact on food intake and glucose homeostasis. Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 41, 1413\u20131419 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"7017_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.08.009","volume":"72","author":"G In\u00e1cio Lunkes","year":"2006","unstructured":"In\u00e1cio Lunkes, G. et al. Serum cholinesterase activity in diabetes and associated pathologies. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 72, 28\u201332 (2006).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"7017_CR13","first-page":"RA214","volume":"13","author":"UN Das","year":"2007","unstructured":"Das, U. N. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as possible markers of low-grade systemic inflammation. Med. Sci. Monit. 13, RA214\u2013221 (2007).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"7017_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134432","volume":"394","author":"L Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, L. et al. Exploring butyrylcholinesterase expression in diseases using a promising fluorescent imaging tool. Sens. Actuators B. 394, 134432 (2023).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"7017_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110274","volume":"144","author":"N Pomara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pomara, N. & Imbimbo, B. P. Impairment of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in older subjects with severe COVID-19. Med. Hypotheses. 144, 110274 (2020).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"7017_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10383","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210383","volume":"24","author":"DA Belinskaia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belinskaia, D. A. et al. Albumin is a component of the esterase status of human blood plasma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 10383 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"7017_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402177","volume":"9","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pavlov, V. A., Wang, H., Czura, C. J., Friedman, S. G. & Tracey, K. J. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation. Mol. Med. 9, 125\u2013134 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"7017_CR18","unstructured":"Mehranfard, D. & Speth, R. C. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and COVID-19. Bioimpacts 12, 171\u2013174 (2022)."},{"key":"7017_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595342","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.595342","volume":"11","author":"Z Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin, Z., Xiang, K., Su, D. F., Sun, Y. & Liu, X. Activation of the cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory pathway as a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Front. Immunol. 11, 595342 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7017_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00996-y","volume":"7","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 7, 146 (2022).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"7017_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00228","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00228-20","volume":"34","author":"SH Safiabadi Tali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safiabadi Tali, S. H. et al. Tools and techniques for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\/COVID-19 detection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 34, e00228\u2013e00220 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"7017_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25757","volume":"92","author":"LQ Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, L. Q. et al. COVID-19 patients\u2019 clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J. Med. Virol. 92, 577\u2013583 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"7017_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25884","volume":"92","author":"J Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, J. et al. Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis. J. Med. Virol. 92, 1902\u20131914 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"7017_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.23958\/ijirms\/vol06-i03\/1079","volume":"6","author":"A Zaher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaher, A. & Ali, S. Why asymptomatic COVID19 patient could face a sudden death. Int. J. Innovative Res. Med. Sci. 6, 178\u2013183 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Innovative Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"7017_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05575-2","volume":"44","author":"C Nahshon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nahshon, C., Bitterman, A., Haddad, R., Hazzan, D. & Lavie, O. Hazardous postoperative outcomes of unexpected COVID-19 infected patients: A call for global consideration of sampling all asymptomatic patients before surgical treatment. World J. Surg. 44, 2477\u20132481 (2020).","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"7017_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2020.10.001","volume":"72","author":"R Yadav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yadav, R., Bansal, R., Budakoty, S. & Barwad, P. COVID-19 and sudden cardiac death: A new potential risk. Indian Heart J. 72, 333\u2013336 (2020).","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"7017_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewing, A. G. et al. Review of organ damage from COVID and Long COVID: A disease with a spectrum of pathology. Med. Rev.  5, 66\u201375 (2021).","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2024-0030"},{"key":"7017_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13105","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.13105","volume":"29","author":"L Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu, L., Liu, Y. & Feng, Y. Cardiac arrhythmia in COVID-19 patients. Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 29, e13105 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"7017_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00146-3","volume":"40","author":"S Hojyo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hojyo, S. et al. How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflamm. Regen. 40, 37 (2020).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen"},{"key":"7017_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043537","volume":"24","author":"AP Capra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Capra, A. P. et al. The prognostic value of Pentraxin-3 in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of mortality incidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 3537 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"7017_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051302","volume":"11","author":"T Grewal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grewal, T. & Buechler, C. Adipokines as diagnostic and prognostic markers for the severity of COVID-19. Biomedicines 11, 1302 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"7017_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355097","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1355097","volume":"12","author":"J Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du, J. et al. Global trends in COVID-19 incidence and case fatality rates (2019\u20132023): a retrospective analysis. Front. Public. Health. 12, 1355097 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"7017_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126394","volume":"23","author":"P Troyano-Hern\u00e1ez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Troyano-Hern\u00e1ez, P., Reinosa, R. & Holgu\u00edn, \u00c1. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain during the first two years of the pandemic: Circulating variants, amino acid conservation, and genetic variability in structural, Non-Structural, and accessory proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 6394 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"7017_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000521288","volume":"91","author":"ME Charlson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charlson, M. E., Carrozzino, D., Guidi, J. & Patierno, C. Charlson comorbidity index: A critical review of clinimetric properties. Psychother. Psychosom. 91, 8\u201335 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"7017_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2014.05.031","volume":"462","author":"D Dingova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dingova, D. et al. Optimal detection of cholinesterase activity in biological samples: modifications to the standard ellman\u2019s assay. Anal. Biochem. 462, 67\u201375 (2014).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"7017_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2223","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2223","volume":"31","author":"M Alwani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alwani, M. et al. Sex-based differences in severity and mortality in COVID-19. Rev. Med. Virol. 31, e2223 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"7017_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00304-9","volume":"11","author":"C Gebhard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gebhard, C., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Neuhauser, H. K., Morgan, R. & Klein, S. L. Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biol. Sex. Differ. 11, 29 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"7017_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000148","volume":"2","author":"H Ueyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ueyama, H. et al. Gender difference is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 infection: an insight from a Meta-Analysis. Crit. Care Explor. 2, e0148 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"7017_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2977","volume":"114","author":"G Sarri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarri, G. et al. Prognostic factors of COVID-19: an umbrella review endorsed by the international society for pharmacoepidemiology. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 114, 604\u2013613 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"7017_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2015.6.3.002","volume":"6","author":"A Jansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jansen, A. et al. Sex matters - a preliminary analysis of middle East respiratory syndrome in the Republic of korea, 2015. Western Pac. Surveill Response J. 6, 68\u201371 (2015).","journal-title":"Western Pac. Surveill Response J."},{"key":"7017_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh056","volume":"159","author":"J Karlberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karlberg, J., Chong, D. S. Y. & Lai, W. Y. Y. Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do? Am. J. Epidemiol. 159, 229\u2013231 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"7017_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.051","volume":"81","author":"H Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, H. et al. Cellular resolution maps of X chromosome inactivation: implications for neural development, function, and disease. Neuron 81, 103\u2013119 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"7017_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2004","volume":"15","author":"A Meier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meier, A. et al. Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1. Nat. Med. 15, 955\u2013959 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"7017_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2088","volume":"177","author":"B Bergh\u00f6fer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bergh\u00f6fer, B. et al. TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-alpha production in females. J. Immunol. 177, 2088\u20132096 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"7017_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.02.008","volume":"41","author":"A Watanabe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watanabe, A., Iwagami, M., Yasuhara, J., Takagi, H. & Kuno, T. Protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination against long COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 41, 1783\u20131790 (2023).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"7017_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.4321\/S1886-36552014000400007","volume":"12","author":"S Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh, S. & Bajorek, B. Defining \u2018elderly\u2019 in clinical practice guidelines for pharmacotherapy. Pharm. Pract. (Granada). 12, 489 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharm. Pract. (Granada)"},{"key":"7017_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-023-01326-4","volume":"76","author":"S Str\u00f3\u017c","year":"2024","unstructured":"Str\u00f3\u017c, S., Kosiorek, P. & Stasiak-Barmuta, A. The COVID-19 inflammation and high mortality mechanism trigger. Immunogenetics 76, 15\u201325 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"7017_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.021","author":"K Nakajima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakajima, K. et al. Serum cholinesterase associated with COVID-19 pneumonia severity and mortality. J. Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.021 (2020). https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32822684","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"7017_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4266\/acc.2021.00129","volume":"37","author":"M Bahloul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahloul, M. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in sfax, Tunisia. Acute Crit. Care. 37, 84\u201393 (2022).","journal-title":"Acute Crit. Care"},{"key":"7017_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0934","volume":"107","author":"M Bahloul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahloul, M. et al. Prognostic value of serum cholinesterase activity in severe SARS-CoV-2-Infected patients requiring intensive care unit admission. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 107, 534\u2013539 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"7017_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.04.017","volume":"277","author":"JZ Karasova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karasova, J. Z. et al. Activity of cholinesterases in a young and healthy middle-European population: relevance for toxicology, Pharmacology and clinical praxis. Toxicol. Lett. 277, 24\u201331 (2017).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"7017_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/30.1.41","volume":"30","author":"K Abou-Hatab","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abou-Hatab, K., O\u2019Mahony, M. S., Patel, S. & Woodhouse, K. Relationship between age and plasma esterases. Age Ageing. 30, 41\u201345 (2001).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"7017_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-004-3142-x","volume":"47","author":"JD Maul","year":"2004","unstructured":"Maul, J. D. & Farris, J. L. The effect of sex on avian plasma cholinesterase enzyme activity: a potential source of variation in an avian biomarker endpoint. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 253\u2013258 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"7017_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0203128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203128","volume":"13","author":"ZL Peng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peng, Z. L. et al. Association between early serum cholinesterase activity and 30-day mortality in sepsis-3 patients: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 13, e0203128 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7017_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.60760","volume":"13","author":"P Sicinska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sicinska, P. et al. Decreased activity of butyrylcholinesterase in blood plasma of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Med. Sci. 13, 645\u2013651 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"7017_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.10.014","volume":"80","author":"E Boudinot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boudinot, E. et al. Effects of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition on breathing in mice adapted or not to reduced acetylcholinesterase. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 80, 53\u201361 (2005).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"7017_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.03.032","volume":"69","author":"AA Rao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rao, A. A., Sridhar, G. R. & Das, U. N. Elevated butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase May predict the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and alzheimer\u2019s disease. Med. Hypotheses. 69, 1272\u20131276 (2007).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"7017_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasiecki, J. & Was\u0105g, B. Butyrylcholinesterase protein ends in the pathogenesis of alzheimer\u2019s disease-could BCHE genotyping be helpful in alzheimer\u2019s therapy? Biomolecules 9, 592 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100592"},{"key":"7017_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, M. X. et al. Serum Butyrylcholinesterase Activity: A Biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Related Dementia. Biomed Res Int 1524107 (2017). (2017).","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1524107"},{"key":"7017_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04260-1","volume":"26","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hughes, C. G. et al. Association between cholinesterase activity and critical illness brain dysfunction. Crit. Care. 26, 377 (2022).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"7017_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zivkovic, A. R. et al. Reduced serum butyrylcholinesterase activity indicates severe systemic inflammation in critically ill patients. Mediat. Inflamm. 274607 (2015).","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/274607"},{"key":"7017_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zivkovic, A. R. et al. A sustained reduction in serum cholinesterase enzyme activity predicts patient outcome following sepsis. Mediat. Inflamm. 1942193 (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1942193"},{"key":"7017_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2217\/bem-2020-0010","volume":"3","author":"ZUA Asad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asad, Z. U. A. et al. The role of vagus nerve stimulation in Sepsis. Bioelectron. Med. 3, 51\u201362 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioelectron. Med."},{"key":"7017_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87202","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v14.i1.87202","volume":"14","author":"GR Sridhar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sridhar, G. R. & Gumpeny, L. Emerging significance of butyrylcholinesterase. World J. Exp. Med. 14, 87202 (2024).","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"7017_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau9072","volume":"363","author":"MA Cox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cox, M. A. et al. Choline acetyltransferase-expressing T cells are required to control chronic viral infection. Science 363, 639\u2013644 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"7017_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41698-w","volume":"9","author":"H Kimura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kimura, H. et al. Neural anti-inflammatory action mediated by two types of acetylcholine receptors in the small intestine. Sci. Rep. 9, 5887 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"7017_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13006","volume":"287","author":"MA Cox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cox, M. A. et al. Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation. J. Intern. Med. 287, 120\u2013133 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"7017_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2014.03.010","volume":"32","author":"T Koie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koie, T. et al. Significance of preoperative butyrylcholinesterase as an independent predictor of survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. Urol. Oncol. 32, 820\u2013825 (2014).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"7017_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051154","volume":"12","author":"EV Klocker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klocker, E. V. et al. Decreased activity of Circulating butyrylcholinesterase in blood is an independent prognostic marker in pancreatic Cancer patients. Cancers (Basel). 12, 1154 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"7017_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2023.2209178","volume":"20","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Prognostic value of serum cholinesterase levels for In-Hospital mortality among patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 20, 178\u2013185 (2023).","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"7017_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.175984","volume":"58","author":"G Goliasch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goliasch, G. et al. Butyrylcholinesterase activity predicts long-term survival in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin. Chem. 58, 1055\u20131058 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"7017_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuaa043","volume":"10","author":"M Shiba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiba, M. et al. Serum cholinesterase as a prognostic biomarker for acute heart failure. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care. 10, 335\u2013342 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"7017_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L. et al. Butyrylcholinesterase levels on admission predict severity and 12-month mortality in hospitalized AIDS patients. Mediat. Inflamm. 5201652 (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5201652"},{"key":"7017_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.10.010","volume":"42","author":"MD Stojanov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stojanov, M. D. et al. Butyrylcholinesterase activity and mortality risk in Hemodialysis patients: comparison to HsCRP and albumin. Clin. Biochem. 42, 22\u201326 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"7017_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2010.00015","volume":"16","author":"E Ben Assayag","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ben Assayag, E. et al. Serum cholinesterase activities distinguish between stroke patients and controls and predict 12-month mortality. Mol. Med. 16, 278\u2013286 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07017-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07017-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07017-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T02:17:34Z","timestamp":1751422654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07017-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07017-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23437"}}