{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T15:28:25Z","timestamp":1782142105694,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientistic Research at Qassim University","award":["QU-APC-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Huntington\u2019s Disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and cognitive impairments, arises from genetic mutations causing protein aggregation within the brain. The 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) rat model mimics key features of HD. This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of barbigerone, a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in ameliorating 3-NPA-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: a normal control group, a 3-NPA control group, and two groups treated with different doses of barbigerone along with 3-NPA. Behavioral test, biochemical assays, and histopathological examinations were performed. Barbigerone significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) restored motor coordination, grip strength, and mobility compared to 3-NPA-induced HD rats. Barbigerone concomitantly reduced oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, while enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, treatment modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a reduction in neuroinflammation. Barbigerone significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) impacted changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and modulated levels of key neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), and glutamate (GLU). Additionally, barbigerone effectively attenuated the 3-NPA-induced elevation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, while upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is crucial for neuronal survival and cognitive function. Histopathological examination revealed that barbigerone significantly restored the altered striatal architecture, indicating a protective effect against neurodegeneration. Barbigerone exhibits potential as a therapeutic choice for HD, offering the possibility of alleviating motor impairments, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cognitive dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07181-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:52:25Z","timestamp":1751431945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Barbigerone attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington\u2019s disease-like neuropathology in rats via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sattam Khulaif","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7181_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.111","volume":"86","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Effect of Praeruptorin C on 3-nitropropionic acid induced huntington\u2019s disease-like symptoms in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother. 86, 81\u201387 (2017).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"3","key":"7181_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2009","volume":"90","author":"C Zuccato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuccato, C., Valenza, M. & Cattaneo, E. Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutical targets in huntington\u2019s disease. Physiol. Rev. 90 (3), 905\u2013981 (2010).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"7181_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70245-3","volume":"10","author":"CA Ross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross, C. A. & Tabrizi, S. J. Huntington\u2019s disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment. Lancet Neurol. 10 (1), 83\u201398 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"7181_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-P., Wu, C.-W. & Chern, Y. Metabolic dysregulation in Huntington\u2019s disease: neuronal and glial perspectives. Neurobiol. Dis. 2024, 106672  (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106672"},{"key":"7181_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, M., Lee, M. J., Kim, C. S. & Cho, I.-H. Korean red ginseng extract attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington\u2019s-like symptoms. Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med. (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/237207"},{"issue":"6","key":"7181_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29013","volume":"37","author":"LA Morris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morris, L. A., O\u2019Callaghan, C. & Le Heron, C. Disordered decision making: a cognitive framework for apathy and impulsivity in huntington\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 37 (6), 1149\u20131163 (2022).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"7181_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14723","volume":"150","author":"AI Smith-Dijak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith-Dijak, A. I., Sepers, M. D. & Raymond, L. A. Alterations in synaptic function and plasticity in huntington disease. J. Neurochem. 150 (4), 346\u2013365 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"7181_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180302115032","volume":"17","author":"S Jamwal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jamwal, S. & Kumar, P. Insight into the emerging role of striatal neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of parkinson\u2019s disease and huntington\u2019s disease: a review. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 17 (2), 165\u2013175 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"7181_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a024240","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a024240","volume":"7","author":"M Jimenez-Sanchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jimenez-Sanchez, M., Licitra, F., Underwood, B. R. & Rubinsztein, D. C. Huntington\u2019s disease: mechanisms of pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Med. 7 (7), a024240 (2017).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Med."},{"key":"7181_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.02.005","volume":"60","author":"DMF Hanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanna, D. M. F., Tadros, M. G. & Khalifa, A. E. ADIOL protects against 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity in rats: possible impact of its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 60, 36\u201351 (2015).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"7181_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.08.004","volume":"2","author":"N Kaur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaur, N., Jamwal, S., Deshmukh, R., Gauttam, V. & Kumar, P. Beneficial effect of rice Bran extract against 3-nitropropionic acid induced experimental huntington\u2019s disease in rats. Toxicol. Rep. 2, 1222\u20131232 (2015).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"7181_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3171","volume":"33","author":"O Tak\u00e1cs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tak\u00e1cs, O. et al. Analysis of 3-nitropropionic acid in Fabaceae plants by HPLC\u2010MS\/MS. Phytochem. Anal. 33 (8), 1205\u20131213 (2022).","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"issue":"12","key":"7181_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121747","volume":"11","author":"S Alshehri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alshehri, S. & Imam, S. S. Rosinidin attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced memory impairment in rats: possible mechanisms of action include antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory effects. Biomolecules 11 (12), 1747 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"7181_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.01.025","volume":"117","author":"YE Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, Y. E. et al. Inhibitory effect of Punicalagin on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and memory impairment via Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB. Neuropharmacology 117, 21\u201332 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"7181_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230013","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230013","volume":"10","author":"SA AlGhamdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlGhamdi, S. A. et al. Barbigerone prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase levels. R. Soc. Open. Sci. 10 (4), 230013 (2023).","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"7181_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102249","volume":"34","author":"FA Al-Abbasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Abbasi, F. A. Potential antidiabetic activity of barbigerone on glucose and inflammatory cytokine levels in streptozotocin activated diabetic rats. J. King Saud Univ. Sci.  34 (7), 102249 (2022).","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"7181_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1658-2","volume":"40","author":"S Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh, S., Jamwal, S. & Kumar, P. Piperine enhances the protective effect of Curcumin against 3-NP induced neurotoxicity: possible neurotransmitters modulation mechanism. Neurochem. Res. 40, 1758\u20131766 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"7181_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02451-y","volume":"16","author":"N Percie du Sert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N. et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. BMC Vet. Res. 16 (1), 242 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"7181_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01004-z","volume":"30","author":"WW Ibrahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ibrahim, W. W. & Abdel Rasheed, N. O. Diapocynin neuroprotective effects in 3-nitropropionic acid huntington\u2019s disease model in rats: emphasis on Sirt1\/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 30 (5), 1745\u20131758 (2022).","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"7181_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120480","volume":"297","author":"NO Abdel Rasheed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel Rasheed, N. O. & Ibrahim, W. W. Telmisartan neuroprotective effects in 3-nitropropionic acid huntington\u2019s disease model in rats: cross talk between PPAR-\u03b3 and PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway. Life Sci. 297, 120480 (2022).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"7181_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2006-1610","volume":"66","author":"A Luk\u00e1cs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luk\u00e1cs, A., Szab\u00f3, A., Vez\u00e9r, T. & Papp, A. The acute effects of 3-nitropropionic acid on the behavior and spontaneous cortical electrical activity of rats. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars). 66 (3), 227\u2013233 (2006).","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars)"},{"issue":"11","key":"7181_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112866","volume":"10","author":"TH Albekairi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albekairi, T. H. et al. Beta-Boswellic acid reverses 3-Nitropropionic acid-Induced molecular, mitochondrial, and histopathological defects in experimental rat model of huntington\u2019s disease. Biomedicines 10 (11), 2866 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"9","key":"7181_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02106-1","volume":"394","author":"P Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, P., Kumar, M. & Bansal, N. Ellagic acid prevents 3-nitropropionic acid induced symptoms of huntington\u2019s disease. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 394 (9), 1917\u20131928 (2021).","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"7181_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-019-08590-2","volume":"22","author":"D Garabadu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garabadu, D. & Agrawal, N. Naringin exhibits neuroprotection against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in experimental rodents. Neuromol. Med. 22 (2), 314\u2013330 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"7181_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehan, S., Monga, V., Rani, M., Dudi, R. & Ghimire, K. Neuroprotective effect of solanesol against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington\u2019s disease-like behavioral, biochemical, and cellular alterations: restoration of coenzyme-Q10-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Indian J. Pharmacol. 50, 6  (2018).","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_11_18"},{"key":"7181_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0297-0","volume":"33","author":"A Sidhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sidhu, A. et al. Nicotinamide reverses behavioral impairments and provides neuroprotection in 3\u02d7 nitropropionic acid induced animal model ofhuntington\u2019s disease: implication of oxidative stress\u02d7 Poly (ADP\u02d7 ribose) Polymerase pathway. Metab. Brain Dis. 33, 1911\u20131921 (2018).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"7181_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0305358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305358","volume":"19","author":"EJ Jambi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jambi, E. J. et al. 6-shogaol against 3-Nitropropionic acid-induced huntington\u2019s disease in rodents: based on molecular docking\/targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines\/NF-\u03baB-BDNF-Nrf2 pathway. PloS One. 19 (7), e0305358 (2024).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"7181_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0990667","volume":"99","author":"E Wills","year":"1966","unstructured":"Wills, E. Mechanisms of lipid peroxide formation in animal tissues. Biochem. J. 99 (3), 667 (1966).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"7181_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1180-3","volume":"38","author":"LG Mac\u00eado","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mac\u00eado, L. G. et al. Effect of acute administration of L-tyrosine on oxidative stress parameters in brain of young rats. Neurochem. Res. 38 (12), 2625\u20132630 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"7181_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiprich, M. T. et al. 3-Nitropropionic acid induces histological and behavioral alterations in adult zebrafish: role of antioxidants on behavioral dysfunction. BioRxiv 2024.04, 29\u2013591507 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.29.591507"},{"key":"7181_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouillaud, F. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by pesticides (SDHIs) and energy metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. ;24, 4 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044045"},{"issue":"9","key":"7181_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2014.961216","volume":"24","author":"S Dhadde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dhadde, S., Durg, S. & Potadar, P. Piroxicam attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced brain oxidative stress and behavioral alteration in mice. Toxicol. Mech. Methods. 24 (9), 672\u2013678 (2014).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"7181_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189957","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1189957","volume":"14","author":"PT Lum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lum, P. T. et al. Neuroprotective potency of mangiferin against 3-nitropropionic acid induced huntington\u2019s disease-like symptoms in rats: possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol. 14, 1189957 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"7181_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081023","volume":"12","author":"M Afzal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Afzal, M. et al. Anti-Huntington\u2019s effect of Rosiridin via oxidative stress\/ache Inhibition and modulation of succinate dehydrogenase, nitrite, and BDNF levels against 3-Nitropropionic acid in rodents. Biomolecules 12 (8), 1023 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"7181_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030625","volume":"12","author":"KS Alharbi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alharbi, K. S. Europinidin mitigates 3-NPA-Induced huntington\u2019s disease symptoms in rats: a comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress, mitochondrial enzyme complex activity, Pro-Inflammatory markers and neurotransmitter alterations. Biomedicines 12 (3), 625 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"11","key":"7181_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5954","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115954","volume":"23","author":"RI Teleanu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teleanu, R. I. et al. Neurotransmitters\u2014Key factors in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 (11), 5954 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"7181_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.079","volume":"105","author":"RCSR Danduga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danduga, R. C. S. R. et al. Neuroprotective activity of tetramethylpyrazine against 3-nitropropionic acid induced huntington\u2019s disease-like symptoms in rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 105, 1254\u20131268 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"7181_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1168-1","volume":"66","author":"T Sumathi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumathi, T., Vedagiri, A., Ramachandran, S. & Purushothaman, B. Quinolinic acid-induced huntington disease-like symptoms mitigated by potent free radical scavenger edaravone\u2014A pilot study on neurobehavioral, biochemical, and histological approach in male Wistar rats. J. Mol. Neurosci. 66, 322\u2013341 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"7181_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002","volume":"102","author":"CPC Galts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galts, C. P. C. et al. Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: common mechanisms and current treatment options. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.  102, 56\u201384 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"7181_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.148","volume":"107","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Oxytocin improves animal behaviors and ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in autistic mice. Biomed. Pharmacother. 107, 262\u2013269 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"7181_CR41","unstructured":"Wang, W.-Y., Tan, M.-S., Yu, J.-T. & Tan, L. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ann. Transl. Med. 3, 10 (2015)."},{"key":"7181_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00787-3","volume":"29","author":"P Saroj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saroj, P. et al. Neuroprotective effects of Roflumilast against quinolinic acid-induced rat model of huntington\u2019s disease through Inhibition of NF-\u03baB mediated neuroinflammatory markers and activation of cAMP\/CREB\/BDNF signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 29, 499\u2013511 (2021).","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"7181_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.04.011","volume":"381","author":"M Brondani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brondani, M. et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ER stress and mitochondria-ER crosstalk alterations in a chemical rat model of huntington\u2019s disease: potential benefits of Bezafibrate. Toxicol. Lett. 381, 48\u201359 (2023).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"7181_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9989-9","volume":"35","author":"MM Essa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Essa, M. M. et al. Protective effects of antioxidants in huntington\u2019s disease: an extensive review. Neurotox. Res. 35, 739\u2013774 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"7181_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00086-y","volume":"37","author":"MS Abdelfattah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelfattah, M. S. et al. Rutin and selenium co-administration reverse 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurochemical and molecular impairments in a mouse model of huntington\u2019s disease. Neurotox. Res. 37, 77\u201392 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07181-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07181-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07181-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:52:27Z","timestamp":1751431947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07181-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07181-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23356"}}